Grammar 1: MODAL
VERBS

Modal verbs are auxiliary
verbs that express the following meanings:

CAN – ability, permission, possibility, request

COULD – ability, permission, possibility,
request, suggestion

MAY – permission, probability, request

MIGHT – possibility, probability,
suggestion

MUST – deduction, strong necessity,
obligation, prohibition

HAVE TO – necessity

SHALL – decision, future, offer, question,
suggestion

SHOULD – advice, necessity, prediction, recommendation

WILL – decision, future, intention, offer,
prediction, promise, suggestion

WOULD – conditional, habit, invitation,
permission, preference, request, question, suggestion

NEED – necessity for something because of
its absence

TIP: Both MUST and HAVE TO express necessity, but we use them differently.

We
use MUST when the speaker feels that something is necessary.

Example: You must exercise. (I'm telling you.)

MUST can
also express a wish or possibility.

Example: It must be a good idea to
take Mike to our party.

We
use HAVE TO when the situation makes something necessary.

Example: I have to exercise. (The doctor told me.)

Complete the sentences with SHOULD / SHOULDN'T, MUST / MUSTN'T or
HAVE TO / DON'T HAVE TO.

1. I hate getting ready for a trip. There are so
many things you …...… remember.

2. I …………… remember
to renew my passport. If I don't, it'll be a disaster.

3. Before you move there, you
……….…make an effort to learn the language.

4. At most museums in this country, you
…………. pay to get in.

5. On long flights, you
………… drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration.

6. If you want to get a job here, the law says
you …… apply for a work permit.

7. If you've checked in online, you
……… wait in a queue at the airport.

8. It's easy to get lost
in this city. We ………. forget where we parked the car.

9. Some parts of the city can be dangerous so you
…….go there alone at night.

10. Now children, when we're in the museum, you
can look but you……touch.

Complete the sentences using the words listed below. You may have to change
“have” to “had.” Some gaps may
have more than one correct answer.

can        could        must            have to         might         should

1.
Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11
hours. He …………… be
exhausted after such a long flight. He …………… prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.

2.    If
you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you
…………… walk downtown and explore the waterfront.

3.    Hiking
the trail to the peak …………… be dangerous if you
are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. You
…………… research the route a little more before you
attempt the ascent.

4.    When
you have a small child in the house, you ……………
eave small objects lying around. Such objects
…………… be swallowed, causing serious injury or
even death.

5.    Dave:
…………… you hold your breath for more than a
minute?

Nathan: No, I can't.

6.    Jenny's
engagement ring is enormous! It …………… have cost a fortune.

7.    Please
make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water, they  ……………
die.

8.     I ……………
speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after we
moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot
almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I ……………
just say a few things in the language.

9.    The
book is optional. My professor said we …………… read
it if we needed extra credit. But we
…………… read it if we
don't want to.

10.
Leo: Where is the spatula? It
…………… be in this drawer
but it's not here.

Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish
washer. It …………… be in
there. That's the only other place it …………… be.

11.
You …………… take your
umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news said there's a storm
north of here and it …………… rain later on this
afternoon.

12.
…………… we pull over
at the next rest stop? I really …………… use the
bathroom and I don't know if I …………… hold it
until we get to Chicago.

Choose the correct answer

1.You .............. have lunch with my parents. I'm not forcing you.

a) doesn't have to
b) mustn't       c)
don't have to

2.You .............. drive so aggressively. You'll end
up killing someone.

a) don't have to           b) mustn't        c) doesn't have to

3.You .............. let the cats sleep on my clean
shirts. Look. They're covered in hairs.

a) mustn't        b) doesn't have to        c) don't have to

4.Helen .............. make racist comments. It makes her
seem really ignorant.

a) mustn't        b)  doesn't have to       c) don't have to

5.I .............. forget to phone Granny. It's her
birthday tomorrow.

a) mustn't        b) doesn't have to
c) don't have to

6.You .............. have come to the pub on Saturday.
We had a great time.

a) might           b) should
c)  would

7.She .............. have changed her mind. I'm not
sure. (to change)

a) might           b) should                     c) would

8.You .............. have mentioned her weight. She was
very upset.

a)  might not    b)  shouldn't
c) wouldn't

9.He's really shy. You .............. have
told him you liked him.

a) might           b) should                     c) would

10.If you want to pass all your exams, you .............. to make a good study plan.

a) needn't        b) should                     c)  need

Grammar 2: CAUSATIVE

Have + object + verb 3 (past
participle) - have something done

Have + object + infinitive --
have someone do something

We
use causative when arranging for someone to do something  for us.

Compare: They had their car repaired. (They
arranged for someone to repair it)

They repaired their car. (They did it themselves)

We
use causative when someone does something to us.

Example: Bill had his money stolen.

We
can use have someone do something to talk about giving instructions or orders
(more common in American English).

Example: I had my assistant type
the report.

GET
is possible instead of have, usually in informal spoken English.

Example:
I'm going to get my car fixed tomorrow.

Complete the sentences using the words in brackets with "have"
or "get" in the correct form, as in the example.

1. You can leave and
re-enter the museum at any time if
you…………………… (your
ticket/authorize)

2. The country is famous for
its tailors – I
………………………………while
I was there. (a suit/make)

3. You need
to…………………………………………………………..before
you can apply for a job. (work permit/authorize)

4. I couldn't afford any of
the paintings at the exhibition but at least I
………………….by the artist. (my catalogue/sign)

5. Oh no, I think I've just        ……………………………………!
(my pocket/pick)

6. Before a long car
journey, we recommend that you
………………….. at
a garage. (your vehicle/check)

7. The museum authorities
are trying to raise money to ………………. (the roof/repair)

8. She was used to free
dental care, so when she emigrated she was surprised that she had to pay to
……………………………………………….
(a tooth/fill)

9. I hurt my leg on holiday
and…………………………………………..by
a local doctor, (it/examine)

10. For an extra fee you
can………………………….by
the Post Office before sending it. (passport
application/process)

Grammar 3: PAST
SIMPLE VS PRESENT PERFECT

PAST SIMPLE: V2

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE: HAVE (HAVE, HAS) + V3

We
use the SIMPLE PAST for action that happened in the past and is: over, done, finished! We use the PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE for action that
started in the past, but is still true today.

Compare: I saw Casablanca last night. (Last
night has finished)

I have seen Casablanca many times. (We
know his experience, but we don't know when)

Read the text
about Kara and Brain’s restaurant in Greece. Put the verbs in brackets in
the Present Perfect or Past simple

In
the nineties we ________ (come) here every year on holiday. Then in 2001 we
___________ (decide) to open a restaurant. We ___________ (live) here since
then and we _____________ (just open) a guest house nearby. The main problem is
holidays. We ___________ (go) to Spain twice, but our last holiday ___________
(be) two years ago. We ____________ (not have) any time off
since then. My parents are here at the moment – it’s the
third time they _______ (visit) us this year! Brian’s family
are arriving today too. In fact, he  _________ (just go) to pick them
up from the airport.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense

1. He
……………(live) in the city
all his life so he knows all the best places to go.

2. We are sorry to
announce that the gallery………… (close)
temporarily and will open again next month

3. Living here was
strange at first but we…………… (get)
used to it after a couple of months

4. His
family……………..(move) to
Australia when he was three, then back to Britain ten years later.

5. So
he…………… (spend) most of
his childhood in Australia.

6. We're late. Most of
the other passengers ……………(check)
in.

7. There are empty spaces on the walls because the gallery
……………(sell) some
paintings.

8.
I……… (be) on a lot of train journeys, but this is the worst.

Grammar 4: PAST
SIMPLE VS PAST PERFECT

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE: HAD + V3

We
use SIMPLE PAST if we give past events in the order in which they occured. However, when we look back from a certain time in
the past to tell what had happened before, we use PAST PERFECT.

Compare: When
Jane saw the elephants, she was amazed. (at the same time)

When Jane had seen the elephants, she
wanted to see the giraffes. (second
action happened after the first action had been completed)

When
Jane went to see the elephants, she had already seen the lions. (second action had been completed when the first
action took place)

Put the verbs
in brackets into the correct tense

It was four o'clock in the morning when John and Teresa ……… (leave) home for the airport because
they………………. (want)
to be sure they wouldn't miss the plane. They ………… (decide) to have "the holiday of a lifetime" in
Australia, a country they …………….. (visit) before. After all, they ………. (work) hard all their lives sothey
………….. (deserve) it. They
………… (book) six months in
advance to get the cheapest flight.

When they …………..
(get) to the airport they were so early that the
airline …………. (open) the check-in
desk. But they…………… (mind)
– when it finally ………….
(open) they were first in the queue.

It wasn't until the
check-in attendant …………… (ask)
to see their passports that disaster ………… (strike). John's passport ……….. (be) out of date for the last two months. He
……….. (forget) to renew it. The
attendant ……….. (say) she was sorry
but there was nothing she ………… (can)
do.

The journey
home…………(be) very quiet!
Luckily, they           (take)
out an insurance policy that ……….. (cover)
problems like this, but of course it ………….. (make up) for their disappointment.