Grammar 1: Future Perfect

Study the following situation:

Kevin loves astronomy and this evening there is an
important lecture at the Planetarium. The lecture ends at 7:00. Paul wants to
see Kevin the same evening and wants to know what time to come to his house.

PAUL: Is it all right if I
come at about 6:30?

KEVIN: No, I’ll be at
the Planetarium then.

PAUL: Well, what about
7:30?

KEVIN: Fine. The lecture will have finished by then.

We use will
have done (Future Perfect) to say that something will already be complete.
Kevin’s lecture ends at 7:00. So after this time, for example at 7:30,
the lecture will have finished.

Some more examples:

Sally always leaves for work at 8.30 in the morning,
so she won’t be at home at 9 o’clock. She’ll have gone to work.

We’re late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.

Complete the
sentences with the past participle of the verbs in the box, as in the example,
to make Future Perfect.

find   break   build   receive work leave   start   fly   complete   be spend

Example: I'll
have completed the report by lunchtime.

1.  They will have....................... a base on the moon by 2040.

2.  Scientists believe they will have........ ............. a cure for the disease
before the end of the decade.

3.  Most of the migrating birds will have........ south by the end of October.

4.  Why don't you phone him? He won't have....... ............ the office yet.

5.  Look at the traffic! The film will have.. by the time we get to the cinema.

6.  It's their
golden wedding anniversary in July. They'll have....... married for 50 years!

7.  It's likely that the world record for the
100 metres
will have been…………before the next Olympic Games.

8.  By next week, Ben will have... a letter telling him whether he's
been accepted for the job.

9.  When Robbie retires in December he'll
have……….. for London Transport for
over thirty-five years.

10.
If you carry on shopping at this rate, you'll have...... all your birthday money by the end of the day!

v  Grammar 2: Mixed future tenses

Put the verb
into the correct future tense, as in the example. Sometimes more than one form
is possible.

You can use:

•
Simple
Future (will)

•
Going to

•
Future
Perfect

•
Future
Continuous

•
Simple
Present (used for future purpose)

•
Present
Continuous (used for future purpose)

Example: I (have) ‘m having a
party on Friday night. Would you like to come?

1.  Let
me see! He's 49 now so next birthday he (be) ………… so.
The big 50!

2.  Look
at the dark sky. It (rain)....... ‘s
going to rain..... …soon.

3.  Don't
phone around 11 o'clock. We (discuss)...... the
new IT system then.

4.  You
look exhausted. Sit down and I (make) ………… a cup of
coffee.

5.  We
(look for)……………one of these environmentally
friendly houses when I get a decent pay rise!

6.  The
high speed train (arrive)............. in
London at 8.00.

7.  He's
building a car which runs on bio-diesel and says he (finish)
………… it by the end of the year.

8.  I
don't think they (ever build)......... cities
in Antarctica.

v  Grammar 3: Modal verbs – certainty

Modal verbs
are used to make guesses about the present, based on evidence. The different
modal verbs express different levels of certainty.

Draw a line
to match the phrases with their definitions

must be

nearly impossible

could be/may be

almost certain

might be

possible but unlikely

can't be

possible

Use
MUST to say that you are certain something is true:

The
door is open so Michael must be home.

Use
COULD or MAY to say something is possible:

It
could be true that it was all his own work.
It’s definitely possible.

The
package may be from David. Open it and find out!

MIGHT expresses
a lower level of certainty:

They
might join us later in the evening but I’m not sure.

Use
CAN’T to say that you are certain something is not true:

This design can’t be over 300
years old. It’s much too modern!

Two people
are looking at some pictures. Use the modals above to complete their
conversation, as in the example. Sometimes there is more than one answer.

Example: Who's the man with
the long beard? He must be, my great grandfather because that's my
grandfather when he was a boy.

1. Who's that man in uniform?

.... He…………a
soldier or he…………a
doorman at an expensive hotel.

2. What about the woman in the white coat on the hospital ward?

.... She............................... a doctor,
from all the notes she's looking at. Definitely not a nurse.

3. Here's
a picture of my mother, at her first job.

.... It.................................. your
mum. It looks nothing like her.

4. This
is a strange picture. What are they doing?

.... They…………making
an advert, but it's hard to say.

5. This
photo of steelworkers.......... from
the 1930's, judging from their clothes.

6. Here's
a picture of police officers.

.... Yes,
the one in plain clothes ………… the Inspector. He's
obviously in charge.

7. Do you
think the woman talking to the man is a shop assistant?

Well,
she........... ., but from her appearance I'd say she was a customer.

8. Have a
look at this old picture. Who's the man meeting the King?

.... Well, he
………… an ambassador, I suppose or he
………… a government minister from that time.

9. This
is a picture of my class in the 1970s.

.... It................................. from
then. Look at the clothes! The 60s surely!

10. This....... .my cousin Kevin in Australia, but I'm not
sure.

v  Grammar 4: Modal verbs

Complete the sentences using modal verbs with verbs from the box. Use
the correct tense, as in the example. Sometimes there is more than one answer.

find                  be        put                   enter                steal      install             rain                 strike     have                 lose                 imagine/know

Example: The fog was so thick on the motorway we could have an accident.

1. The
pavement's wet. It ………… during the
night.

2. The
storm struck at midnight when most people ………… fast
asleep.

3.You ………… the key,
surely. Think carefully about where you ………… it.

4. When
Crick and Watson discovered the human genome they …………
the impact their findings would have.

5.  The oak tree was completely black down
one side. It  ………… by lightning.

6.  Why don't you ring the lost property
office? Someone ………… your laptop and handed it
in.

7.  The kitchen window has been smashed. The burglars …………
through there.

8.  The new computer's not working at all. You ………… it properly.

9.  Twenty years ago nobody ………… how popular mobile phones
would become.

10.
My laptop's missing. Someone …………
it.