Section 1. Topics & vocabulary

Unit 1. ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Reading and Writing

1. Scan the text "English Today" to get the full idea of it. Find the paragraphs about:

- the popularity of the English language;

- the French borrowings;

- the necessity and difficulties of learning English.

2. Find in the text the English equivalents to:

– знать иностранные языки становится всё важнее;

– быть весьма популярным в настоящее время;

– привозиться торговцами и путешественниками;

– изучать английский язык не просто;

– являться необходимым для каждого образованного человека;

– медленный процесс, занимающий много времени;

3. Read and translate the text for getting the detailed content.

English Today

The modern world is becoming smaller all the time. Every day distances between different countries seem less. For this reason it's becoming more and more important to know foreign languages, especially English.

English is very popular nowadays. It's the language of computers, science, business, politics, sports, arts and music. It's spoken all over the world. It is the official language of the United Kingdom, New Zealand, the United States of America, and Australia. It is one of the official languages of Canada, the Irish Republic, and the Republic of South Africa.

Many English words were borrowed from the language of Angles and Saxons. Hundreds of French words came into English. These French words didn't crowd out corresponding Anglo-Saxon words. There exist "act" and "deed", "beautiful" and "pretty", "form" and "shape".

Some new words were brought by traders and travellers. These words came from all parts of the world: "umbrella" – from Italian, "tea" – from Chinese, "cigar" – from Spanish.

Many of the new English words – especially new scientific ones – have been made from Latin and Greek words instead of English ones. "Telephone" for instance, was made from Greek words "far" and "talk".

To know English today is absolutely necessary for every educated person, for every good specialist. But learning the language is not easy. It's a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and patience. But it is worth doing.

English is taught throughout the world and a lot of people speak it quite well. In Russia English is very popular, it is studied at schools, colleges and universities. Knowing English well is one of the main requirements to graduates which want to become successful specialists in their field.

Names :

Australia [os`treiliə] – Австралия

English (language) [`læŋgwid3] – английский язык

Canada [`kænədə] – Канада

Greek [gri:k] – греческий

Latin [`lætin] – латинский

New Zealand [`nju: `zi:lənd] – Новая Зеландия

Russia [`r Λ∫ə] – Россия

the United Kingdom [ði ju`naitəd `kiŋdəm] – Соединённое Королевство

(Великобритании и Северной Ирландии)

the United States of America [ði ju`naitəd `steits əv a`merikə] – Соединённые Штаты Америки

the Irish Republic [ði `airi∫ ri`pΛblik] – Ирландская Республика

the Republic of South Africa [ðə ri`pΛblik əv sauθ `æfrikə] – Южно-Африканская Республика

Vocabulary :

act [æct] (syn. deed [di:d]) – дело, поступок, действие

a lot of [ə `lot əv] – много

beautiful [`bju:tiful] (syn. pretty [`priti]) – красивый, прелестный, привлекательный

billion ['biljən] – миллиард

business [`biznəs] – зд.: бизнес, коммерческая деятельность

cigar [si`ga:] – сигара

corresponding [,kori`spondiŋ] – соответствующий

distance ['distəns] – расстояние

diplomacy [di'pləuməsi] – дипломатия

easy [`i:zi] – легко, просто

educated ['edjukeitid] – образованный, культурный

especially [is'pe∫iali] – в особенности

far [fa:] – прил. дальний, отдалённый

field [fi:ld] – зд. область, сфера деятельности

foreign [`forin] – иностранный

form [fo:m] (syn. shape [∫eip]) – форма, очертание

for instance [`instəns] – например

graduate [`grædjueit] – выпускник (учебного заведения)

government [`gΛv(ə)nment] – правительство

instead [in`sted] of smth. – вместо чего-л.

official language [ə`fi∫iəl `læŋgwid3] – официальный, государственный язык

patience ['pei∫əns] – терпение

population [,popju'lei∫n] – население

politics ['politiks] – политика

professional [pro`fe∫ənl] – профессиональный

requirement [ri`kwaiəmənt] – требование

science ['saiəns] – наука

scientific [`saiən'tifik] – научный

successful [sək`sesful] – успешный

specialist [`spe ∫əlist] – специалист

talk [to:k] – разговор

trade [treid] – торговля

trader [`treidə] – торговец

to be borrowed [`borəud] – быть заимствованным

to bring (brought) – зд.: приносить, привозить, доставлять

to crowd out [`kraud `aut] – зд.: вытеснять, заменять

to be worth [wə:θ] doing – заслуживать усилий

throughout [θru:'aut] the world – no всему миру

umbrella [əm`brelə] – зонт

For self-examination

Answer the questions:

1. Why is it necessary to know English today?

2. Why learning English is important for specialists?

3. In what countries is English the official language (one of the official languages)?

4. What were the origins of English borrowings?

5. Is learning languages an easy thing? Why?

6. What other languages would you like to know? Why?

Fill in the blanks:

1. English is very _______ nowadays.

2. It is the official language of the United Kingdom, New Zealand, _______, _______.

3. Many English words were borrowed from the language of _______ and _______.

4. Some new words were brought by _______ and _______.

5. "Telephone" for instance, was made from Greek words _______ and _______.

6. To know English today is absolutely _______ for every educated
person.

Put the words in the correct order to make a sentence:

1) it's, the world, spoken, all over;

2) the, world, modern, is becoming, all the time, smaller;

3) the, language, is not easy, learning;

4) in, English, is, Russia, very, popular;

5) it, a lot of, takes, time, and, patience;

6) know, to, English, is, for, necessary, a good, specialist.

4. Make up a plan (logical scheme) and then summarize the content of the text "English Today" in writing.

It’s interesting to know:

Future of English

Have you ever wondered how many people there are who speak English?

Geographically, English is the most widespread language on earth. If you add to this the enormous number of people who learn to understand and speak English (like yourself), you will realize that English is indeed a "world language".

Through the centuries, as a result of various historical events, English spread throughout the world. Today, English is represented in every continent and in the three main oceans – the Atlantic, the Indian, and the Pacific.

A century ago, some linguists predicted that one day people of Great Bri-
tain and the USA would speak different languages. However, with the advent of records, cinema, radio and television, the two brands of English (British and American) have even begun to draw back together again. Britons and Americans probably speak more alike today than they did 50 or 60 years ago (In the 1930s and 1940s, for example, American films were dubbed in England. It's no longer the practice today).

People have long been interested in having one language that could be spoken throughout the world. Such a language would help to increase cultural and economic ties and simplify communication between people. Through the years, at least 600 universal languages have been proposed, including Esperanto. About 10 million people have learned Esperanto since its creation in 1887, but English, according to specialists, has better chances to become a global language. So why not to learn it?

Vocabulary :

advent – наступление, появление (какого-л. события, явления)

alike – нареч. подобно, одинаково, похоже

economic – экономический

enormous number [i`no:nəs `nΛmbə] – огромное количество

Esperanto – язык "эсперанто"

geographically [,d3i:əu`græfikəli] – географически

including – включая

linguist [`liŋgwist] – лингвист

through the centuries [,θru: ðə `sent∫(ə)riz] – сквозь столетия

to be represented – быть представленным

to be interested in smth. – быть заинтересованным в / интересоваться чем-л.

to dub [dΛb] – зд.: озвучивать, дублировать фильм

to increase – возрастать, увеличивать(ся), усиливать(ся)

to predict – предсказывать

to propose – предлагать, представлять

tie – зд.: узы, связь

various [`veəriəs] – различный, разнообразный

widespread [`waidspred] – широко распространённый

For self-examination:

1.Why is English Language called the "world language"?

2. Is there any difference between British and American variants of the English language?

3. To your mind, has English any chances to become a global language? Why?

Language practice

Discuss the read texts in pairs. Make up dialogues, using the following notes:

the role of English language in modern world;

the origins of many English words;

the importance of knowing foreign languages for every person;

the spheres and field where English is used;

the possible future of the English language.


Unit 2. COUNTRIES AND CITIES

2.1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Reading and Writing

1. Scan the text "Great Britain" to get the full idea of it. Find the paragraphs about:

- geographical location of the UK;

- landscape of the UK;

- weather in the UK;

- its industry.

2. Find in the text the English equivalents to:

– состоять из двух больших островов;

– в повседневной речи;

– "драгоценный камень в серебристом море";

– быть умеренным круглый год (о климате);

– "такой же изменчивый, как погода";

– одна из ведущих отраслей промышленности страны.

3. Read and translate the text for getting the detailed content.

Great Britain

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland and about five thousand small islands with total area of 244,000 square kilometers.

The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Belfast respectively. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland, Wales and does not include Northern Ireland. But in everyday speech "Great Britain" is used to mean the United Kingdom. The capital of the UK is London.

The British Isles are separated from the continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.

Shakespeare called Britain a "precious stone set in the silver sea" because of its natural beauty. It has a varied countryside where you can find mountains, plains, valleys and sandy beaches. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain, but it is only 1343 meters high.

There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.

The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round. The British often say: "Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather". The weather in Britain is very changeable. A fine morning can change into a wet afternoon and evening. And a nasty morning can change to a fine afternoon. That's why it is natural for the British to use the comparison "as changeable as the weather" of a person who often changes his mood or opinion about something.

The British also say that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long.

The UK is one of the world's smallest countries. Its population is over
58 million. About 80% of the population lives in cities.

The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft, and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.

The UK is a constitutional monarchy. In law, the Head of State is the Queen. But in practice, the Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British
Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative, and the Liberal parties.

Names :

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [ði ju`naitəd `kiŋdəm əv greit britn ənd `no:ðən `ailənd] – Соединённое Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии

the British Isles [ðə `briti∫ `ailz] – Британские острова

Edinburgh ['edinbərə] – Эдинбург

Cardiff ['ka:dif] – Кардифф

Belfast [`belfa:st] – Белфаст

the North Sea [ðə `no: θ `si:] – Северное море

the English Channel [ði `i:ŋgli∫ `t∫æn(ə)l] – Английский канал (принятое в Великобритании название пролива Ла-Манш)

the Atlantic Ocean [ði ət`læntik `əu∫(ə)n] – Атлантический океан

the Irish Sea [ði `airi∫ `si:] – Ирландское море

the Severn ['sevən] – река Севен

the Thames [`temz] – река Темза

the Gulf Stream [ðə `gΛlf `stri:m] – Гольфстрим

the House of Lords [ðə `haus əv `lo:dz] – палата лордов

the House of Commons [ðə `haus əv `komənz] – палата общин

the Labour [‘leibə], the Conservative [kən`sə:vətiv] and the Liberal [`liberəl] parties – Лейбористская, Консервативная и Либеральная партии

Vocabulary :

chamber ['t∫æmbə] – палата Парламента

changeable ['t∫eind3əbl] – изменчивый, неустойчивый

comparison [kəm'pæris(ə)n] – сравнение

government ['gΛvənmənt] – правительство

highly developed [`haili di`veləpt] – высокоразвитый

machinery [mə'∫inəri] – машинное оборудование

mild [maild] – мягкий, умеренный

nasty ['na:sti] – мерзкий, противный

navigation [,nævi'gei∫n] – зд.: судоходство

plain [plein] – равнина

population [,popju`lei∫(ə)n] – население

respectively [ri'spektivli] – соответственно

sandy – песчаный

total area [`toutl `eəriə] – общая площадь

the whole year round [`houl `jiə `raund] – круглый год

to be situated ['sitjueitid] – быть расположенным

to consist of – состоять из

to include [in'klu:d] – включать в себя

to mean [mi:n] (meant [ment], meant) – означать

to separate ['sepəreit] – разделять

to wash [wo∫] – омывать

to reign [rein] – царствовать

to rule [ru:l] – править

to elect [i`lekt] – выбирать

to influence ['influəns] – влиять

varied [`veərid] – разнообразный, меняющийся

valley ['væli] – долина

For self-examination

Answer the questions:

1. The UK is an island state, isn't it? Where is it situated?

2. What countries is the UK made of? What are their capitals?

3. What channel separates the British Isles from the European continent?

4. What's the highest mountain on the British Isles?

5. Are there a lot of long and deep rivers in Great Britain? What are they?

6. What is the climate on the British Isles? What do Britons say about their weather?

7. What's the UK's population?

8. What does the UK produce and export?

9. The UK is a constitutional monarchy. What does it mean?

Fill in the blanks:

1.The United Kingdom of Great Britain and ________ is situated on the________.

2.The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, _______, _______, and Northern Ireland.

3.The British Isles are separated from the continent by the North Sea and the _______.

4. The ______is the longest river, while the ______is the deepest and the most important one.

5. The weather in Britain is very ________.

6. The UK is a highly _______ industrial country.

7. One of the chief industries of the country is _______.

8. The UK is a _______ monarchy.

9. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and _______.

Put the words in a correct order to make a sentence:

1) the, is made up, United Kingdom, of, countries, four;

2) in, there are, rivers, Great Britain, a lot of;

3) a nasty, to, a fine, morning, afternoon, can change;

4) the, UK, is, smallest, one of, the world's, countries;

5) UK, is, the, industrial country, a highly developed;

6) the Queen, in practice, but, does not rule, reigns.

4. Make up a plan (logical scheme) and then summarize the content of text "Great Britain" in writing.

5. Read and translate the texts about London and its traffic. Write annotations to them.


London

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It's one of the largest, oldest and most interesting cities in the world. Its population is about 8 million.

Traditionally it's divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End, and the East End. They are very different from each other and seem to belong to different towns.

The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange, and the Old Bailey. Few people live here, but over a million people come to the City to work. There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Perhaps the most striking of them is St Paul's Cathedral, the greatest of British churches. It was built in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. The Tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar and in 1066 rebuilt by William the Conqueror. It was used as a fortress, a royal palace and a prison. Now it's a museum.

Westminster is the historic, the governmental part of London. Westminster Abbey has more historic associations than any other building in Britain. Nearly all English kings and queens have been crowned here. It is a place of burying of many outstanding statesmen, scientists, writers, poets, and painters.

Across the road from Westminster Abbey is Westminster Palace, or the Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big bell, known as "Big Ben".

Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen.

The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It's the symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs, and theatres are situated there. There are splendid houses and lovely gardens belonging to wealthy people.

Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square.

On the north side of Trafalgar Square is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery. Not far away there is the British Museum – the biggest museum in London. It contains a priceless collection of ancient manuscripts, coins, sculptures, etc., and is famous for its library.

The East End was once the poorest district of London with lots of factories and docks, narrow streets and unimpressive buildings. Today the district is changing very fast. There are huge offices and new blocks of flats in the East End.


St Paul's Cathedral

Westminster Abbey

Buckingham Palace


Big Ben

Trafalgar Square.Nelson's Column

British Museum


National Gallery

National Portrait Gallery

Names :

Big Ben – "Биг Бен", "Большой Бен" (колокол часов-курантов на здании парламента, бой которых звучит ежедневно как сигнал точного времени)

Buckingham Palace [`bækiŋgəm `pælis] – Букингемский дворец (главная королевская резиденция в Лондоне)

Julius Caesar [`dju:liəs 'si:zə] – Юлий Цезарь

Nelson's Column [`nelsnz 'koləm] – колонна Нельсона (памятник адмиралу Нельсону)

St. Paul's Cathedral [,sənt `po:lz ka'θi:drəl] – собор св. Павла (главный собор англиканской церкви)

Sir Christopher Wren [sə: `kristəfə `rеn] – Кристофер Рен

Trafalgar Square [,tra`fælgə 'skweə] – Трафальгарская площадь

the Bank of England – Английский банк

the Stock Exchange [ik`st∫eind3] – Лондонская фондовая биржа

the Old Bailey [ði `əuld `beili] – Центральный уголовный суд, находящийся в Олд-Бейли

the Tower of London [ðə `tauə əv `lΛndən ] – Лондонский Тауэр

the National Gallery [ðə `næ∫ənl 'gæləri] – Национальная галерея (крупнейшее в Великобритании собрание картин)

the National Portrait [`po:trit] Gallery – Национальная портретная галерея

the British Museum [mju`siəm] – Британский музей

William the Conqueror [`wiljəm ðə `koŋkərə] – Вильгельм Завоеватель (первый король из норманнов в Англии)

Westminster Abbey [`westminstə `æbi] – Вестминстерское аббатство

Westminster Palace [`westminstə 'pælis] (the Houses of Parliament [`hauziz əv `pa:ləmənt]) – Вестминстерский дворец (здание английского парламента)

Vocabulary :

ancient ['ein ∫ənt] – древний

church [t∫ə:t∫] – церковь

commercial [kə`mə:∫əl] – торговый

column ['koləm] – колонна

financial [fai'næn∫əl] – финансовый

fortress ['fo:tris] – крепость

huge [hju:d3] – огромный

in memory of – в память о

luxury ['la:k∫əri] – роскошь

manuscript ['mænjuskript] – рукопись

numerous ['nju:m(ə)rəs] – многочисленный

outstanding [aut`stændiŋ] – выдающийся

painter ['peintə] – художник

prison ['prizn] – тюрьма

priceless ['praislis] – бесценный

royal palace ['rəujəl `pælis] – королевский дворец

statesman ['steitsmən] – государственный деятель

striking ['straikiŋ] – поразительный, замечательный

splendid ['splendid] – великолепный

to crown [kraun] – короновать

to bury ['beri] – хоронить, place of burying – место захоронения

to contain [kən'tein] – содержать

to be famous [`feiməs] for – быть знаменитым чем-л.

to found [faund] – основывать

to rebuild [,ri:'bild] – перестраивать

unimpressive [,Λnim'presiv] – невпечатляющий, невыразительный

wealth [welθ] – богатство, wealthy – богатый

London Traffic

London is so large that visitors must learn to use buses and the underground to get about. London taxis are too expensive for any but the rich. You can get a map of the underground and the bus routes at any ticket office. The London underground is called the "tube".

Bus stops are marked clearly. In the suburbs buses do not stop unless there are passengers who wish to get on or off. These stops are marked "request stops". Inside some buses you will see the notice: "Please, state your destination clearly and have the exact fare ready". It is easy enough to tell the conductor where you want to go to, but not always possible to have the exact fare. The conductor will always give you the change.

The London buses are very large. They have seats both upstairs and downstairs. English children like to sit on the front seats of a big London bus. They can see everything that is happening in the streets.

Here are some of the phrases which you may hear on a bus in London:

"Fares, please". (Плата за проезд, пожалуйста.)

"Four pence, please". (Четыре пенса, пожалуйста.)

"Full up inside; plenty of seats on top". (Внутри автобус полный. Много свободных мест наверху.)

"No more seats on top; five seats inside". (Наверху все места заняты; есть пять мест внутри.)

"Standing room only". (Места только стоячие.)

"No, sir, this bus does not go to Victoria Station". (Нет, сэр. Этот автобус не следует до станции "Виктория".)

"You need a number 11". (Вам нужен автобус № 11.)

In Great Britain traffic keeps to the left. Cars, buses and cyclists must all keep to the left side of the road. In most other countries traffic keeps to the right. There is heavy traffic in London and you must observe traffic rules.

Vocabulary:

bus route [ru:t] – маршрут автобуса

change [t∫eind3] – зд.: сдача

conductor [kən`dΛctə] – зд.: кондуктор

cyclist [`saiklist] – велосипедист

exact [ig`zækt] – точный

expensive [iks`pensiv] – дорогой

front seat [`frΛnt si:t] – места, расположенные в передней части автобуса

passenger [`pæsənd3ə] – пассажир

reguest stop [ri`kwest stop] – остановка по требованию

suburb [`sΛbə:b] – пригород

the rich – богатые, обеспеченные люди (for any but the rich – для всех, кроме богатых)

the Tube [tju:b] – название лондонского метро

the underground [`Λndəgraund] – метрополитен

traffic [`træfik] – движение, heavy [`hevi] traffic – интенсивное, плотное движение

ticket office [`tikit `ofis] – билетная касса

to mark [ma:k] – обозначать, to be marked – быть обозначенным

to state [steit] – формулировать, утверждать, заявлять

to get about – зд.: распространяться

to get on / off – зд.: входить / выходить из автобуса

to keep to the left / right – придерживаться левой / правой стороны

to observe [əb`zə:v] – наблюдать, замечать, следить

upstairs [Λp`steəz] / downstairs [`daun`steəz] – зд.: на верхнем / нижнем ярусе автобуса

Language practice

Practise the dialogue, and then make up your own gialogues on the similar subject.

A: Excuse me, do the buses stop here?

B: Yes, most downtown buses (автобусы деловой части города) stop at this

corner.

A: I want to go to Washington Avenue. Can I take any bus (могу я сесть на любой автобус) that stops here?

B: You can take any bus except number 12. The number 12 turns off at Richmond Street.

A: How often do the buses run?

B: They are supposed to run according to the schedule (расписание) that you can see over there. In fact, the buses don't always run on schedule.

A: What are the usual intervals between the bus arrivals?

B: About every fifteen minutes. You won't have to wait any longer. A bus is coming. You can take it.

It’s interesting to know

National Emblems and Holidays of the United Kingdom

The flag of the United Kingdom, known as "The Union Jack", is made up of three crosses. The upright red cross on a white background is the cross of the St. George, the patron saint of England.

The white diagonal cross on a blue background is the cross of St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland, and the red diagonal cross on a white background is the cross of St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland.

The Welsh flag, called "The Welsh Dragon", represents a red dragon on a white and green background.

St. George's Day falls on 23 April and is regarded as England's national day. On this day some patriotic Englishmen wear a rose pinned to their jackets. A red rose is the national emblem of England from the time of the Wars of the Roses (15th century).

St. Andrew's Day (the 30th of November) is regarded as Scotland's national holiday. On this day some Scotsmen wear a thistle in their buttonhole. As a national emblem of Scotland thistle was first used in the 15th century as a symbol of defence.

St. Patrick's Day (the 17th of March) is considered as a national holiday in Northern Ireland and an official bank holiday there. The national emblem of Ireland is shamrock. According to legend, it was the plant chosen by St. Patrick to illustrate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity to the Irish.

St. David's Day (the 1st of March) is the church festival of St. David,
a monk and bishop, the patron saint of Wales. The day is regarded as the national holiday of Wales, although it is not an official bank holiday. On this day,
however, many Welshmen wear either a yellow daffodil or a leek pinned
to their jackets, as both plants are traditionally regarded as national emblems of Wales.

In the Royal State Emblem three lions symbolize England, a lion rampant – Scotland, and a harp – Ireland. The whole is encircled and is supported by a lion and a unicorn. The lion has been used as a symbol of national strength and of the British monarchy for many centuries. The unicorn, a mythical animal that looks like a horse with a long straight horn, is a symbol of purity.

Names :

"The Union Jack" – неофициальное название государственного флага Великобритании

"The Welsh Dragon" – неофициальное название государственного флага Уэллса

St. George [d3o:d3] – Св. Георгий, покровитель Уэллса, St. George's Day – День Св. Георга

St. Andrew [`ændru:] – Св. Андрей, покровитель Шотландии, St. Andrew's Day – День Св. Андрея

St. Patrick – Св. Патрик, St. Patrick's Day – день Св. Патрика

St. David – Св. Давид, St. David's Day – день Св. Давида

Vocabulary :

background – фон, задний план

bank holiday – большой праздник, официальный нерабочий день

bishop – епископ

church [t∫ə:t∫] festival – церковный праздник

сross – крест

daffodil [`dæfədil] – нарцисс

emblem – эмблема, символ

everyday speech – обыденная речь

harp – арфа, губная гармоника

horn – рог

knighthood [`naithud] – рыцарское звание, рыцарство

leek – лук-порей

monk – монах

nobleman [`nəublmən] – дворянин, знатный человек

patron saint – святой-покровитель

purity [`pjuəriti] – чистота

rampant – стоящий на задних лапах

Royal [`roiəl] – королевский

shamrock – трилистник

State Emblem – государственный символ

straight – прямой

symbol – зд.: символ, эмблема

the coats of arms – герб, the Royal coast of arms (State Emblem) – королевский герб

the Trinity – Св. Троица

thistle – чертополох

to be made up of – состоять из

to pin – прикалывать булавкой, pinned – приколотый булавкой

to be considered as – считаться, рассматриваться (как)

to be regarded as – расцениваться, считаться, иметь отношение

to encircle [in`sə:kl] – окружать, to be encircled – быть окружённым

to symbolize [`simbəlaiz] – символизировать

unicorn [`ju:niko:n] – единорог

For self-examination

1.What is the flag of the UK made up of?

2.What does the Welsh flag represent?

3.What is the Scotland's national holiday?

4.What is the national holiday of Northern Ireland?

5.What is the national holiday of Wales?

6.How does the Royal State Emblem look like?

Places of Interest in Great Britain

Britain is rich in its historic places which link the present with the past. The oldest part of its capital London is Lud Hill, where the Сity is originated. About
a mile west of it there is Westminster Palace, where the king lived and the Parliament met, and there is also Westminster Abbey, the coronation church.

Liverpool, the "city of ships", is England's second greatest port after London. The most interesting sight in Liverpool is the docks. They occupy a river frontage of seven miles. The University of Liverpool, established in 1903, is noted for its School of Tropical Medicine. And in the music world Liverpool is a well-known name, for it's the home town of "The Beatles".

Stratford-on-Avon lies 93 miles north-west of London. Shakespeare was born here in 1564, and here he died in 1616.

Cambridge and Oxford Universities are famous centres of learning.

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument, presumably built by Druids, members of an order of priests in ancient Britain.

Canterbury Cathedral is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury, head of the Church of England.

The British Museum is the largest and richest museum in the world. It was founded in 1753 and contains one of the world's richest collections of antiquities. The Egyptian Galleries contain human and animal mummies. Some parts of Athens' Parthenon are in the Greek section.

Madam Tussaud's Museum is an exhibition of hundreds of life-size wax models of famous people of yesterday and today. The collection was started by Madam Tussaud, a French modeller in wax, in the 18th century. Here you can meet Marilyn Monroe, Elton John, Picasso, the Royal Family, the Beatles and many others famous people.

Names :

Athens' Parthenon [,æθins `pa:θənən] – Афинский Парфенон

Canterbury Cathedral Archbishop [`kænt(ə)bəri kə`θi:drəl ,a:t∫`bi ∫əp] – архиепископ Кентерберийский

Druids – друиды

Elton John – Элтон Джон

Liverpool [`livəpu:l] – Ливерпуль

Lud Hill – Лад Хилл, старинная часть Лондона

Marilyn Monroe – Мэрилин Монро

Picasso – Пикассо

Stonehenge [,stəun`hend3] – Стоунхендж

Stratford-on-Avon [`strætfo:d ən `eivən] – Стратфорд-на-Эйвоне (город в Великобритании)

the Beatles – "Битлз"

the City – "Сити", исторический центр Лондона, самоуправляющийся административный район в восточной части города

the Royal Family – королевская семья

Tussaud's Museum – музей мадам Тюссо

Vocabulary :

antiquity [æn`tikwiti] – антиквариат; древность

dock – пристань, причал, портовый бассейн

exhibition [,eksi`bi∫(ə)n] – выставка, показ

famous – знаменитый

frontage – фасад

modeller [`modələ] – модельер, зд.: тот, кто изготавливает модели

movie stars mummy [`mΛmi] – мумия

order – орден

prehistoric [,prihis`torik] – доисторический

presumably [pri`zju:məbli] – возможно, вероятно, предпочтительно

priest [pri:st] – священник

to be noted for smth. – быть знаменитым чем-л.

to be originated – происходить, возникать

to meet (met, met) – встречать(ся), видеться

to establish – основывать, учреждать, established – основанный

to contain – содержать в себе, включать

wax – adj. восковой

For self-examination

1.What is the oldest place in London?

2.What is the most interesting sight in Liverpool?

3.What is Stratford-on-Avon famous for?

4.When was the British Museum found?

5.Who started the collecton of Madam Tussaud's Museum?

Listening

Listen and answer the questions:

  • Hyde Park

True or Faulse:

1) Lots of people visit the park every day.

2) You can cycle along Rotten Row.

3) Only English people can speak publicly on Speaker’s Corner.

4) You can sit in a deckchair in Hyde Park.

  • Madame Tussaud’s and the Planetarium

1) Where is Madame Tussaud’s and the Planetarium?

2) What were the first Madame Tussaud’s models?

3) What models can you find at the exhibition?

4) What interesting presentations can you see in the Planetarium?

5) Do many people visit Madame Tussaud’s and the Planetarium?

6) Which place is more interesting in your opinion: Madame Tussaud’s or the Planetarium?

2.2. The United States of America

Reading and Writing

1. Scan the text "The USA" to get the full idea of it. Find the paragraphs about:

- geographical location of the USA;

- the US political structure;

- the US landscape and climate;

- its industry.

2. Find in the text the English equivalents to:

– общая площадь страны;

– состоять из трёх ветвей власти;

– едва ли существует разница между их политическими курсами;

– высокоразвитая индустриальная страна;

– среди наиболее важных отраслей обрабатывающей промышленности.

3. Read and translate the text for getting a detailed content.

THE USA

The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada, and China). It occupies the southern part of the North American Continent and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometers. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea-boarder with Russia.

The USA is made up of 50 states, each of which has its own government, and the District of Columbia, a special federal area where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The population of the country is more than 270 million.

The USA is a federal republic. According to the US Constitution the powers of the government are divided into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the judicial. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republican and the Democratic, though there's hardly any difference between their political lines.

If we look at the map of the USA, we can see lowlands and mountains. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera, and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley which is located in Alaska.

America's largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande, and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and deepest in the USA.

The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental. The south has a subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico often bring typhoons. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country. It's the world's leading producer of copper and oil, and the world's second producer of iron ore and coal. Among the most important manufacturing industries are machine-building, shipbuilding, automobile and armaments industry and others.

Though mainly European and African in origin, Americans are made up of nearly all races and nations, including Chinese and Native Americans.

The largest cities are: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia,
Detroit, San-Francisco, Washington, etc.

Names :

Alaska [ə`læskə] – Аляска

the United [ju'naitid] States [steits] of America – Соединённые Штаты Америки

Canada ['kænədə] – Канада

China ['t∫ainə] – Китай

Chicago [t∫i`ka:gəu] – Чикаго

Detroit [di'troit] – Детройт

District of Columbia [`distrikt əv kə'lΛmbiə] – округ Колумбия

Florida ['florida] – Флорида

Hawaii [ha'waii:] – Гавайи

Los Angeles [los'ænd3ili:z] – Лос-Анджелес

Mexico ['meksikəu] – Мексика

Mount McKinley [maunt mə'kinli] – гора Мак-Кинли

North America [no:θə`merikə] – Северная Америка

Philadelphia [filə'delfiə] – Филадельфия

San-Francisco [,sænfrən'siskəu] – Сан-Франциско

the Atlantic [ə`tlæntik] Ocean – Атлантический океан

the Columbia [kə'lΛmbiə] – река Колумбия

the Congress ['koŋgres] – Конгресс

the Cordillera [,ko:di'ljeə] – горная система Кордильеры

the Great Lakes [`greit `leiks] – Великие озёра (5 озёр: Мичиган, Онтарио, Гурон, Верхнее озеро и Эри)

the Gulf of Mexico [gΛlf əv `meksikəu] – Мексиканский залив

the House of Representatives [,repri'zentativz] – Палата представителей

the Mississippi [,misi'sipi] – река Миссисипи

the Missouri [mi'zuəri] – река Миссури

the Pacific Ocean [pə`sifik 'əu∫n] – Тихий океан

the Republican [ri'pΛblikan] and the Democratic [`demə'krætik] parties – Республиканская и Демократическая партии

the Rio Grande [,гiəu `grænd] – река Рио-Гранде

the Rocky Mountains [`roki `mauntinz] – Скалистые горы

the Senate ['senit] – Сенат

the Sierra Nevada [si`era ni`væda] – Сьерра-Невада

Washington ['wo∫iŋtən] – Вашингтон

Vocabulary :

according [a'ko:diŋ] to – в соответствии с, согласно

arctic ['a:ktik] – арктический

armaments [`a:məment `indəstri] industry – военная промышленность

automobile [`o:təməbail] industry – автомобильная промышленность

branch [bra:nt∫] – ветвь (власти)

coast [kəust] – побережье

coal [kəul] – каменный уголь

continental [,konti`nentl] – континентальный

copper [`kopə] – медь

highly developed [`haili di`veləpt] – высокоразвитый

iron ore ['aiən ,o:] – железная руда

lowlands [`ləuləndz] – низменность, долина, низина

manufacturing [,mænju'fækt∫əriŋ] – промышленный

mashine-building [mə`∫i:n ,bildiŋ] – машиностроение

oil [oil] – нефть

powers ['pauəz] – полномочия

sea-border [`si: ,bo:də] – морская граница

shipbuilding [`∫ip,bildiŋ] – кораблестроение

southern ['sauðən] – южный

subtropical [,sΛb'tropikəl] – субтропический

the executive [ði ig'zekjutiv] – исполнительная власть

the legislative [ðə `led3islætiv] – законодательная власть

the judicial [d3u'di∫iəl] – судебная власть

to exercise [`eksisaiz] – зд.: использовать, осуществлять

to be exercised by smth. – осуществляться кем-л.

to occupy ['okjupai] – занимать

to stretch [stret∫] – тянуться, простираться

to border [`bo:də] on – граничить с

to be located [ləu'keitid] – находиться, быть расположенным

to vary [`veəri] – меняться, варьировать

typhoon [tai'fu:n] – тайфун

For self-examination

Answer the questions:

1. Where is the USA situated?

2. What's the total area of the country?

3. What countries does the USA border on?

4. How many states does the USA consist of?

5. What is the capital of the country?

6. What is the population of the United States?

7. What mountains in the USA do you know?

8. What are the largest rivers of the USA?

9. What can you say about the climate of the country?

10. What does the USA produce?

11. How many chambers does the Congress of the USA consist?

12. What are the main political parties in the USA?

13. Who is the US President now?

Fill in the blanks:

1.The USA occupies the ______ part of the North American Continent.

2.The USA is made up of 50 states and the ______ of ______.

3.The USA is a ______ reрublic.

4.The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of _______.

5.There are two main political parties in the USA: the ______ and the Democratic.

6.The highest mountains in the USA are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera, and the ______.

7.Its largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the ______ and the ______.

8.It's the world's leading producer of ______ and ______.

Put the words in the correct order to make a sentence:

1) the, is, United States of Americа, the fourth, the, world, largest country, in;

2) the, is, USA, made up, 50 states, of;

3) two, there are, political parties, in, the USA, main;

4) varies, climate, the, of the country, greatly;

5) the, climate, is, the central part, continental, of;

6) all, Americans, made up of, nearly, races, nations, are, and.

4. Make up a plan (logical scheme) and then summarize the content of the text "The USA" in writing.

5. Read and translate the texts about Washington, DC and New York. Make the annotations to them in writing.

Washington, DC

Washington is the capital of the United States of America. It's situated in the District of Columbia and is like no other city in the USA. It's the world's largest one-industry city. And that industry is government. The White House, where the US President lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress, and the Supreme Court are all in Washington.

Washington was named after the first US President George Washington.
It was first settled in 1790 and since 1800 it has been the federal capital. In the very centre of it rises the huge dome of the Capitol – a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars. The 535 members of the Congress meet here to discuss the nation's affairs.

Not far from the Capitol is the Library of Congress, the largest library in the United States. It contains more than 13 million books, more than 19 million manuscripts, including the personal papers of the US presidents.

The White House is the official residence of the US President. He works in the Oval Office.

There are some important museums in Washington where you can see all kinds of things: famous paintings and sculptures, the dresses of President’s wives, the original of the Declaration of Independence, the largest blue diamond in the world, etc.

There are 5 universities in Washington.

There are no skyscrapers in Washington, because they would hide the city's monuments from view, the most famous of which are the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument. No building in the city may be more than 40 meters tall.

Thousands of tourists visit Washington every day. People from all parts of the United States come to see their capital.


The White House

The Capitol


Library of Congress

Oval Office


Washington Monument

Lincoln Memorial

Names :

the Capitol [ðə `kæpit(ə)l] – Капитолий (здание конгресса США)

the Congress [ðə 'koŋgrəs] – Конгресс

the District of Columbia [ðə `distrikt əv kə'la:mbiə] – округ Колумбия

the Library [`laibrəri] of Congress – библиотека конгресса

the Lincoln Memorial [ðə 'link(ə)ln mi`mo:rial] – памятник Линкольну

the Oval [`uəvəl] Office – Овальный кабинет (рабочий кабинет президента США)

the Supreme Court [ðə sjup`ri:m `ko:t] – Верховный суд

the Washington Monument [ðə `wo∫iŋtən `monjumənt] – обелиск в честь Джорджа Вашингтона

the White House [ðə `wait `haus] – Белый Дом (резиденция президента США)

Washington ['wo∫iŋtən] – г. Вашингтон

Vocabulary :

affair [ə'feə] – дело

circle ['sə:kl] – круг

Declaration of Independence [,deklə`rei∫n əv ,indi`pendəns] – Декларация независимости (была принята 4 июля 1776 года вторым континентальным конгрессом в период войны за независимость Северной Америки (1775 – 1783) и провозглашала отделение колоний от метрополии и образование самостоятельного государства – США)

diamond ['daiəmənd] – алмаз, бриллиант

dome [dəum] – купол

huge [hju:d3] – огромный, колоссальный

impressive [im'presiv] – впечатляющий, выразительный

manuscript ['mænjuskript] – рукопись

original [a'rid3in(ə)l] – зд.: оригинал, подлинник

painting [`peintiŋ] – зд.: картина

personal papers [`pə:snl `peipəz] – личные документы

pillar [`pilə] – столб, колонна

sculpture [`scΛlpt∫ə] – скульптура

skyscraper ['skai,skreipə] – небоскрёб

tourist [`to:rist] – турист

to settle – поселять(ся), заселять, to be settled – быть заселённым

New York

New York is the largest city in the USA and the biggest seaport. It is the business centre of the United States. Its population together with the population of its suburbs amounts to 16 million people. The total area of New York
is 365 square miles or 900 square kilometers.

New York is situated in the mouth of the Hudson River. It was founded in 1613 by Dutch settlers. There are five districts in the city: Manhattan, Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, and Richmond. Manhattan is the central and the oldest part of the city. It is the district of business and finance. The famous New York stock exchange dominates business life of many countries.

The mouth of the Hudson River makes an excellent harbour for numerous passengers and cargo ships from all over the world. A traveller who visits New York for the first time wonders at the modern architecture.

The Statue of Liberty, which is on Liberty Island, was a present from France in 1876 on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of American independence. This statue and a few 18th and 19th century churches, hospitals, newspaper offices are the only
examples of "old" architecture in New York. Wherever your eyes travel,
everywhere you can see sky-scrapers.

New York, one of the USA leading manufacturing cities, is the residence of great firms and banks. The most important branches of industry there are those producing vehicles, glass, chemicals and all kinds of machinery.

The city has very busy traffic. Its streets and highways are full of cars and buses.

Speaking about New York one can't help mentioning the outstanding role that the city plays in the cultural life of the country. New York has many museums and art galleries which had collected many great works of art. Many of them are on a constant display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of Art. Most of the theatres and cinemas are in or near Broadway, the longest street and the biggest shopping district in New York.

Metropolitan Museum of Art

Whitney Museum of Art

Names :

Bronx [broŋks] – Бронкс

Manhattan [mæn`hætən] – Манхэттан

Brooklyn [`bruklin] – Бруклин

Richmond [`rit∫mənd] – Ричмонд

The Statue of Liberty [ðə `steit∫ə əv `libəti] – Статуя Свободы

Liberty Island [`libəti `ailənd] – остров Либерти

the Metropolitan [,metrə`politən] Museum of Art – музей "Метрополитен", крупнейший в западном полушарии музей изобразительных
искусств

the Whitney [`witni] Museum of Art – музей искусства "Уитни", художественный музей современного искусства в г. Нью-Йорке, основанный
в 1930 скульптором Г. Уитни

Vocabulary :

anniversary [,æni`və:səri] – годовщина

architecture [`a:kitekt∫ə] – архитектура

chemical [`kemikəl] – химикат, химический препарат

district [`district] – район

Dutch settlers [`dΛt∫ ,setlz] – датские поселенцы

Glass [glas] – стекло

harbour [`ha:bə] – пристань

highway [`haiwei] – автострада

Hudson River [`hads(ə)n ,rivə] – река Гудзон

independence [,indi`pendəns] – независимость

leading [`li:diŋ] – ведущий

manufacturing [,mænju`fæct∫əriŋ] – обрабатывающая промышленность, производство

machinery [mə∫ `i:nəri] – машинное оборудование, механизмы

mouth [mauθ] – зд.: устье

numerous [`nju:mərəs] – многочисленный, множественный

(one) can’t help mentioning [`men∫əniŋ] – нельзя не отметить / не упомянуть

on the occasion [ə`kei3n] of – по случаю

passenger [`pæsind3ə] – пассажир

residence [`rezidəns] – пребывание, местонахождение

seaport [`si:po:t] – портовый город

sky-scraper [`skaiskreipə] – небоскрёб

Statue of Liberty [,steit∫ə əv `libəti] – Статуя свободы

stock exchange [`stok iks,t∫eind3] – фондовая биржа

suburbs [`sΛbəbz] – пригороды

to amount [ə`maunt] to smth. – равняться чему-л., составлять какую-л. сумму

to be on a constant display [ disp`lei] – постоянно экспонироваться

to dominate [`domineit] – доминировать, превосходить в чём-л.

to be founded [`faundid] – быть основанным

to amount [maunt] to – составлять, равняться чему-л.

to wonder [`wΛndə] at smth. – любоваться чем-л.

traffic – движение, транспорт

traveller [`trævələ] – путешественник

vehicle [`vi:ikl] – зд.: транспортное средство

wherever [weər`evə] – где бы ни, куда бы ни

work of art [,wə:k əv `a:t] – произведение искусства

Language practice

Imagine that your relative is going to the USA for permanent residence. You and your friend have been to the USA for several times and now want to help the relative to get all the information he needs about the country. Discuss with your partner what is necessary to tell the relative about the USA, and what information is unnecessary to him. Make up a dialogue.

It’s interesting to know

American Symbols

The American flag is often called "The Stars and Stripes" or "Old Glory". It has 13 horizontal stripes (7 red and 6 white) which stand for the original
13 states. In the top left hand corner there are 50 white stars on a blue background: one star for each state.

The national anthem of the United States is "The Star Spangled Banner". The words for it were written during the Anglo-American war of 1812 – 1814 and set to the music of an old song. Every state has its own flag, its own emblem and its own anthem.

The eagle became the national emblem of the country in 1782. It has an olive branch (a symbol of peace) and arrows (a symbol of strength).

The Statue of Liberty is the symbol of American democracy. It is one of the first things that people see when they arrive in New York by sea. This national monument was a present from France to the USA in 1884 as a symbol of friendship. Liberty carries the torch of freedom in her right hand. In the left hand of the monument there is a tablet with the inscription "July 4, 1776" – the American Independence Day.

Names :

the American Independence [,indi`pendəns] Day – День независимости Америки

the Statue of Liberty [ðə `steit∫ə əv `libəti] – Статуя Свободы

"The Stars and Stripes", "Old Glory" – названия государственного флага США

Vocabulary :

anthem [`ænθəm] – гимн

arrow – стрела

background – фон, задний план

eagle [i:gl] – орёл

friendship – дружба

freedom [`fri:dəm] – независимость, свобода

in the top left hand corner – в верхнем левом углу

inscription – надпись

national monument – национальный памятник

olive branch – оливковая веточка

tablet – зд.: табличка, дощечка

torch [to:t∫] – факел

to arrive – прибывать

to represent – представлять

to stand for smth. – зд.: символизировать, означать

For self-examination

1. How do people often call American flag?

2. What are the colours of the American flag?

3. How many stripes has the flag got?

4. What is the national emblem of the USA?

5. When is the American Independence Day celebrated?

Listening

Listen and answer the questions:

  • California

What is San Francisco famous for?

What are the main tourist attractions in California?

Is Hollywood in California?

  • Houston

Is Houston a big city?

Where does its name come from?

What can you see in Houston?


2.3. English-speaking countries

Reading and Writing

Canada

Canada is the second largest country in the world. It covers the northern part of North America and its total area is 9,975,000 square kilometres. Canada's only neighbour is the USA. The capital of Canada is Ottawa.

Canada's motto, "From Sea to Sea", is appropriate because the country is bounded by three oceans – the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic.

Canada's name comes from an Indian word "kanata", which means "village". The first French settlers used the Indian name for the colony, but the official name was "New France". When the area came under the British rule in 1897, the new country was called the Dominion of Canada, or simply Canada.

Compared with other large countries, Canada has a small population, only about 27,300,000. The country, however, is one of the world’s most prosperous. Canadians have achieved a high standard of living.

Canada is a constitutional monarchy. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, and Queen Elizabeth II is its official head of state. Although the Queen holds this high position, she doesn't rule. She serves as a symbol of British tradition. Her representative in Canada is the Governor General. The Governor's duties are limited to symbolic, mostly ceremonial acts.

The real power belongs to the Prime Minister and his Cabinet. The Canadian Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Commons and the Senate.

There are two official languages in the country: English and French. All Canadian children have to learn both French and English at school. "We have two races, two languages, two systems of religious belief, two sets of laws... two systems of everything", said one Canadian journalist.

Names :

Dominion of Canada [də’minjən əv ’kænədə] – Доминион Канада (административно-территориальная единица)

Governor General [‘gΛvənə ‘d3en(ə)r(ə)l] – губернатор колонии или доминиона, генерал-губернатор

the Commonwealth [‘komənwelθ] of Nations – Содружество наций

the House of Commons and the Senate [‘senit] – Палата Общин и Сенат

Queen Elizabeth II [‘kwi:n e’lizəbəθ ðə ‘secənd] – королева Елизавета II

Vocabulary :

appropriate [ə‘prəupriət] – подходящий, соответствующий

Canadians – канадцы

Ceremonial [,seri’məuniəl] acts – церемониальные, протокольные действия

chamber [‘t∫æmbə] – зд.: палата парламента

to hold (held, held) – зд.: удерживать, сохранять

motto – девиз, лозунг

neighbour [‘neibə] – сосед

official language – официальный, государственный язык

prosperous [‘prosp(ə)rəs] – процветающий, успешный, благоприятный

representative [‘repri’zentətiv] – представитель

to achieve a high standard of living – достигать высокого уровня жизни

to be limited – быть ограниченным

For self-examination

1. What is the total area of Canada?

2. What is its capital?

3. What oceans is it boarded by?

4. What is the population of Canada?

5. What do you know about the political system of Canada?

6. How many official languages are there in the country?

Australia

If you go to Australia it will seem to you rather an upside-down world. The seasons are the other way round. Summer is from December to February, autumn is from March to May, winter is from June to August and spring is from September to November.

New Year is celebrated at midsummer, and midwinter is in June. Hot winds blow from the north; cold winds blow from the south…

Australia is the world's largest island and its smallest continent. People often call Australia the "land down-under" because it lies entirely south of the equator. The capital of Australia is Canberra.

Australia is the oldest of all continents and the driest continent on earth. The four great deserts of central Australia cover 2,000,000 square kilometres. There are few rivers there.

Australia is also the flattest of all continents. Its most significant mountain chain is the Great Dividing Range running down most of the east coast. Because of its overall flatness and regular coastline, Australia is often called a "sprawling pancake".

An island continent, Australia was cut off from the rest of the world for millions of years. As a result, it was the last continent to be discovered and settled by Europeans.

Australia is the only continent that is also a country. As a country, it has the sixth largest area in the world after Russia, Canada, China, the United States and Brazil. It is famous for the magnificent landscapes and unusual plants. It will seem strange to you that trees lose their bark, but not their leaves, and a lot of flowers have no smell. Many of the Australian animals are found nowhere else in the world. There live kangaroo, koala, echidna, platypus and a lot of rare birds.

The country is the least populated of the continents. Only 0,3 per cent of the world's population live there. However, Australia is the most urbanized country in the world.

Names :

Australia [os’treiliə] – Австралия

the Great Dividing [di’vaidiŋ] Rangе – "Грейт Дайвинг Рейндж" – ряд горных хребтов и плато

Vocabulary :

bark – кора дерева

echidna [e’kidnə] – ехидна

entirely [in’taiəli] – совершенно, полностью

flatness – зд.: плоскость, пологость, гладкость

kangaroo [,kæŋgə‘ru:] – кенгуру

koala [kəu’a:lə] – коала

landscape – ландшафт, пейзаж

leaves [li:vz] (от leaf ) – листва

magnificent – великолепный, изумительный, величественный

midsummer – середина лета

midwinter – середина зимы

overall [‘əuvəro:l] – полный, общий, всеобщий

plant [pla:nt] – зд.: растение

platypus [‘plætipəs] – утконос

rare [reə] – редкий

regular coastline [‘kəustlain] – постоянная береговая линия

sprawling [‘spro:liŋ] pancake – растянувшийся, расползшийся блин

the equator [i’kweitə] – экватор

to be the least populated of the continents – быть наименее населённым среди других континентов

to be urbanized [‘ə:b(ə)naizd] – быть урбанизированным

to seem strange – казаться странным

unusual [ən’ju:3(ə)l] – необычный

upside-down world – мир, перевёрнутый вверх дном

For self-examination

1. How do the people often call Australia? Why?

2. What is the total area of the country?

3. What do you know about its landscape?

4. What Australian animals do you know?

Listening

Listen and answer the questions:

  • Canada

True or Faulse:

1) Canada is the the largest country in the world.

2) Winters in Canada are short and bitter.

3) The Rocky Mountains are in the eastern part of Canada.

4) Canadians like fishing.

5) A nature trek is a popular animal in Canada.

  • Canberra

1) Where is Canberra?

2) When did it become a capital?

3) What is Capital Hall?

4) Why was the Australian – American Memorial built?


Unit 3. SCIENCE AND EDUCATION

3.1. British Educational System

Reading and Writing

1. Scan the text "The British Educational System" to get the full idea of it. Find the paragraphs about:

- the state primary and secondary schools;

- the private preparatory schools;

- the independent secondary schools;

- the higher education.

2. Find in the text the English equivalents to:

– обеспечивать учеников литературой и учебным оборудованием;

– принимать широкие слои детей разных религиозных и этнических групп;

– учиться в течение дополнительных одного или двух лет;

– получать диплом на церемонии выпуска;

– включать в себя религиозные школы и школы для этнических меньшинств.

3. Read and translate the text for getting the detailed content. Before reading study the following school subjects and academic degrees:

algebra [`æld3əbrə] – алгебра

arithmetic [ə`riθmətic] – арифметика

chemistry [`kemistri] – химия

drawing [`dro:wiŋ] – рисование, черчение

foreign language [`forin `læŋgwid3] – иностранный язык

geometry [d3i`omətri] – геометрия

geography [d3i`ogrəfi] – география

literature [`lit(ə)rət∫ə] – литература

mathimatics [,mæθə`mætiks] – математика

modern languages [`mod(ə)n `læŋgwid3iz] – современные (иностранные) языки

natural sciences [`næt∫ərəl `sainsiz] – естествознание

physical education (training) [`fizikəl ,edju`kei∫n] – физическая культура (подготовка)

physics [`fiziks] – физика

singing [`siŋiŋ] – пение

Bachelor’s degree [`bæt∫ələz dig`ri:] – учёная степень бакалавра (первая учёная степень)

Bachelor of Arts (Science [`saiəns]) – бакалавр искусств (обладатель степени бакалавра по одной из гуманитарных или математических наук)

Master’s [`ma:stəz] degree – учёная степень магистра (степень, промежуточная между бакалавром и доктором, присваиваемая после одного года учёбы в аспирантуре)

Master of Arts (Science) – магистр искусств (обладатель степени магистра по гуманитарным наукам)

Doctor of Philosophy [fi`losəfi] (Arts) – доктор философии (степень, которая присваивается при успешной защите диссертации после двух-трёх лет обучения в докторантуре по гуманитарным наукам. Может присваиваться и тем, кто далее специализируется в естественных или точных науках. Примерно соответствует степени кандидата наук в России.)

British Educational System

(1) State Education

All state schools in Britain are free and provide their pupils with books and equipment for their studies. Education is compulsory from 5 till 16 years. Parents can choose to send their children to a nursery school or a preschool playgroup to prepare them for the start of compulsory education. Children start primary school at 5 and continue studying until they are 11. Most children are taught together, boys and girls at the same class. At 11 most pupils go to se-
condary schools (comprehensives) which accept a wide range of children from all religious and ethnic groups.

At the age of 16 pupils take a national exam called "G.C.S.E." (General Certificate of Secondary Education), after that they can leave school if they wish. Some 16-year-olds continue their studies in the sixth form at school or at a sixth form college. The sixth form prepares pupils for a national exam called "A" level (advanced level) at 18. You need "A" level to enter a university. Other 16-year-olds choose to go to a college of further education to study for diplomas relating to the chosen profession.

Universities and colleges of higher education accept students with "A" levels from the age of 18 years old. After four years of study students get the Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree. To get the Master’s degree1 they must study one or two additional years. The highest academic degree is the Doctor of Philosophy (Doctor of Arts). Most students graduate at the age of 21 or 22, and they are given their degree at a special graduation ceremony. The most famous universities of Great Britain are Oxford and Cambridge.

(2) Private Education

Seven percent of British schoolchildren go to private schools called independent schools. They have been growing in number and popularity since the mid-1980's2. Parents pay for these schools, and fees vary from about
250 pounds a term for a private nursery to 3.000 pounds a term or more for
a secondary boarding school. Most independent schools are called preparatory schools because they prepare the children for the Common Entrance Exam which they take at the age of 11. This exam is for entry into the best schools.

The most famous schools are called "public schools" and they have a long history and traditions. Children of wealthy or aristocratic families often go to the same public school as their parents and their grandparents. Eton and Harrow are the best known of these schools.

The majority of independent secondary schools, including public schools, are single-sex, although in recent years girls have been allowed to join the sixth forms of boys' schools.

Independent schools also include religious schools and schools for ethnic minorities.

______________________

1 to get the master’s degree – чтобы получить учёную степень магистра

2 mid - – (прист.) выражает значение "находящийся в середине": since the mid-1980's начиная с середины 80-х

Names :

Eton [`i:tən] – Итон – старейший английский колледж, основанный в 1440 г. в городке Итон, расположенном недалеко от Лондона.

Harrow [`hærəu] – школа Харроу, основанная в 1571 – одна из старейших престижных мужских привилегированных частных средних школ, находится в пригороде Лондона Харроу-он-те-Хилл.

Cambridge University [`kæmbrid3 ,ju:ni`və:siti] – Кембриджский университет – один из крупнейших и старейших в Великобритании, расположен в городе Кэмбридж, графство Кэмбриджшир. Основан в 1284 г.

Oxford [`oksfəd] University – Оксфордский университет – старейший в Великобритании, расположен в городе Оксфорд, графство Оксфордшир. Основан в 1249 г.

Vocabulary :

аdvanced [əd`va:nst] level – продвинутый уровень

boarding [`bo:diŋ] school – школа-интернат

co-educational [,kəuedju`kei∫(ə)nəl] schools – школы совместного обучения

compulsory [kəm`pΛls(ə)ri] – обязательный

Common Entrance Exam [`komən `entrəns ig`zæm] – общий вступительный экзамен

entry – зд.: поступление, зачисление в учебное заведение

ethnic [`eθnik] – этнический

equipment [i`kwipmənt] – оборудование, оснащение

fee [fi:] – плата за обучение

form – класс

full-time study – очное отделение

General Certificate [`d3en(ə)rəl sə`tifikit] of Secondary Education – аттестат об общем среднем образовании

graduation ceremony [,grædjuei∫(ə)n `ceriməni] – церемония окончания обучения в учебном заведении

highest academic degree [`haiəst ,ækə`demik dig`ri:] – высшая учёная степень

minority [mai`noriti] – меньшинство

nursery [`nə:s(ə)ri] school / preschool [,pri`sku:l] playgroup – детский сад

diploma [di`pləumə] – диплом, аттестат

independent [,indi`pendənt] school – независимая в финансовом отношении (частная) школа

preparatory [pri`pærətəri] school – подготовительная школа (готовит к поступлению в престижный колледж)

primary [`praiməri] – начальный

private [`praivit] – частный

public [`pΛblik] school – привилегированное частное учебное заведение для мальчиков (в Англии); бесплатная средняя школа (в США и Шотландии)

relating to – имеющий отношение к, связанный с

religious [ri`lid3əs] – религиозный

secondary school (comprehensive) [,kəmpri`hensiv] – общеобразовательная школа

single-sex school – школа раздельного обучения (для учащихся одного пола)

to accept [ə`ksept] – принимать

to be taught [to:t] – обучаться

to be given a degree – получать диплом (учёную степень)

to take an exam – держать, сдавать экзамен

to choose [t∫u:z] – выбирать, chosen [t∫əuzn] (прич. прош. вр. от choose) – выбранный

to graduate [`grædjueit] from – заканчивать что-л. (об учебном заведении)

to grow [grəu] – расти, увеличиваться

to provide [prə`vaid] – обеспечивать, предоставлять, снабжать

to vary [`veəri] – различаться

wealthy [`welθi] – обеспеченный, зажиточный

For self-examination

Answer the questions:

1. What do state schools in Britain provide their pupils with?

2. When do children start the primary school?

3. When do pupils take a national exam called GCSE?

4. What prepares pupils for a national exam called "A" level?

5. How long do students study for a degree?

6. Why are the most independent schools called preparatory schools?

7. What school is the best known public school?

8. What are the most famous universities of Great Britain?

Fill in the blanks:

1. Children start ______ school at 5 and continue studying until they are 11.

2. At the age of 16 pupils take a national exam called "______".

3. After four years of study students get the Bachelor of _____ or _____of _____ degree.

4.The highest academic degree is the ______of ______ (Doctor of Arts).

5. The most famous universities of Great Britain are ______ and ______.

6. Most independent schools are called _______schools because they prepare the children for the Common Entrance Exam.

7. ______ and ______ are the best known of "public schools".

Put the words in the correct order to make a sentence:

1) children, most, are, together, taught;

2) universities, students, and, colleges, from, accept, 18 years old, the age of ;

3) the, academic, degree, highest, Doctor, is, the, of, Philosophy;

4) the, schools, most, are, called, famous, "public schools";

5) religious, schools, independent, include, schools, also.

4. Make up a plan (logical scheme) and then summarize the content of the text "The British Educational System" in writing.

Listening

Listen and answer the questions:

1.


3.2. The US Educational System

Reading and Writing

1. Scan the text "Education in the USA" to get the full idea of it. Find the paragraphs about:

- the funding sources of the US education;

- the US elementary education;

- the US secondary education;

- the higher education of the USA.

2. Find in the text the English equivalents to:

особенностью американского образования является отсутствие государственного управления;

продолжать образование в одной из общеобразовательных (средних) школ;

являться промежуточным звеном между подготовительными классами начальной и старшими классами средней школы;

продолжать образование в высшем учебном заведении;

выбирать по меньшей мере один курс из каждой основной предметной области.

3. Read and translate the text for getting the detailed content.

Education in the USA

Education in the United States is provided mainly by government1. Its control and funding comes from three sources: federal, state, and local. Private schools in the United States include parochial schools and non-profit independent schools. The peculiar feature of American education is the absence of national administration. Each of the 50 states controls and directs its own schools. Most states require that children attend school from the time they reach 6 or
7 years old until they are 16 or 17.

In most public and private schools, education is divided into three levels: elementary school, junior high school (also often called middle school), and senior high school.

Elementary education begins at the age of six or seven, when a child goes to the first grade (form). Elementary school, also known as grade school or grammar school, is a school of kindergarten through fifth grade (sometimes, the first eight grades or up to fourth grade or sixth grade), where basic subjects are taught. Sometimes it includes kindergarten as well. The curriculum in the elementary school includes English, Arithmetic, Geography, History of the USA, Na-
tural sciences, Singing, Drawing, etc. Sometimes they learn a foreign language.

At the age of sixteen schoolchildren leave the elementary school and may continue their education at one of the secondary schools (or high schools), as they call them. Junior high school is any school intermediate between elementary school and senior high school. It usually includes seventh and eighth grade, and sometimes sixth or ninth grade. Junior high school is followed by 3 years study in senior high school. In most high schools children (called students) may choose between the subjects.

Besides giving general education some high schools teach subjects useful to those who hope to find jobs in industry and agriculture or who want to enter colleges or universities. After graduating from secondary schools a growing number of Americans go on to higher education.

Higher education in the United States is known as college or university and commonly consists of four years of study at an institution of higher learning. The most famous and prestigious universities in the USA are Harvard, Princeton and Yale.

The students do not take the same courses. During the first two years they follow a basic programme. It means that every student must select at least one course from each of the basic fields of study: English, Natural Sciences, Modern languages, History or Physical education. After the first two years every student can select subjects according to his professional interest.

In order to get bachelor’s degree (Bachelor of Art or Bachelor of Science) young people study for 4 years. To get master’s degree (Master of Art or Master of Science) pupils must study 1–2 years more and do a research work.

_____________________

1 Education in the United States is provided mainly by government – образование в США находится в основном на государственном обеспечении.

Names :

Harvard [`ha:va:d] – Гарвардский университет – один из старейших и лучших университетов Америки, находится в г. Гарвард. Основан пуританами в 1636.

Princeton [`prinstəun] – Принстонский университет, один из наиболее престижных вузов США. Находится в г. Принстоне, шт. Нью-Джерси. Основан в 1746 как Колледж Нью-Джерси.

Yale [jeil] – Йельский университет – частный университет, один из крупнейших учебных и научно-исследовательских центров США. Основан в 1701.

Vocabulary :

absence [`æbs(ə)ns] – отсутствие

after graduation (from) – после окончания (об учебном заведении)

agriculture [,ægri`kΛlt∫ə] – сельское хозяйство, земледелие

at least [ət`li:st] – по крайней мере, по меньшей мере

between [bit`wi:n] – между

commonly [`komənli] – обычно, как правило

course [ko:s] – зд.: курс лекций, обучения

curriculum [kə`rikjuləm] – курс обучения, учебный план

elementary [`eli`ment(ə)ri] school – начальная школа, подготовительные классы

field [fi:ld] of study – предметная область, сфера для изучения

funding [`fΛndiŋ] – финансирование, субсидирование

grade (form) – класс

growing number [`grəuiŋ `nΛmbə] – растущее число

high [hai] schools: junior [d3uniə] high school (middle school), senior [`siniə] high school – средние школы: неполная средняя школа (7 – 9 классы), старшая средняя школа (включает 10 – 12 классы средней школы)

industry [`indəstri] – промышленность, производство

institution of higher learning [,insti`tju∫n əv `haiə `lə:niŋ] – зд.: высшее учебное заведение

intermediate [,intə`midiət] – сущ.: промежуточное звено

in order [`o:də] to – для того, чтобы

kindergarten [`kində,ga:t(ə)n] – детский сад

local [`ləuk(ə)l] – местный, локальный, частный

non-profit independent school – некоммерческая частная школа

parochial [pə`rəukjəl] school – приходская школа

peculiar feature [pi`kju:ljə `fi:t∫ə] – характерная особенность

prestigious [pres`ti3əs] – престижный

research [ri`sə:t∫] work – исследовательская работа, научное исследование

source [so:s] – источник

to choose [t∫u:z] (сhose [t∫əuz], сhosen [t∫əuzn]) – выбирать

to follow a basic programme [`beisik `prəugrəm] – следовать основной, базовой программе

to mean [mi:n] (meant, meant [ment]) – значить, означать

to take courses – обучаться на курсах (по каким-л. наукам)

to require [ri`kwaiə] – требовать, нуждаться в чём-л.

4. Make up a plan (logical scheme) and then summarize the content of the text "Education in the USA" writing.

It’s interesting to know

Oxford – the University Town

This university town is very beautiful. The first of its colleges was founded in 1249. The university now has thirty-five colleges and about thirteen thousand students, many of them from other countries. There were no women at Oxford until 1878, when the first women's college Lady Margaret Hall was opened. Now most colleges are open to men and women. It is not easy to enter at Oxford University as well as to study there. Outside the university there are many smaller private colleges which offer less difficult courses. Most students in these private schools take business, secretarial or English language courses.

Oxford is famous for its first-class education as well as its beautiful buildings. Some of the most intelligent men and women in the country live and work here. Oxford gives them what they need: a quiet atmosphere, friendly colleagues and the library of four hundred years, which has about five million books. Outside the university there are some lovely gardens, where the students can read and relax in the summer months.

Cambridge

Cambridge is one of the best known towns in the world, which is famous for its university. The University of Cambridge started during the 13th century and grew steadily, until today there are more than twenty colleges. The oldest one is Peterhouse, which was founded in 1284. And the most recent is Robinson College, which was opened in 1977. But the most famous is King's College, because of its magnificent chapel. Its choir of boys and undergraduates is well known all over the world.

To the north of Cambridge is the Cambridge Science Park, the modern face of the University. This park has developed in response to the need for universities to increase their contact with high technology industry. It is now home to more than sixty companies and research institutes. The whole area is very attractively designed, with a lot of space between each building. Every year thousands of students come to Cambridge from overseas to study English.

Names :

Cambridge Science Park – научный парк Кэмбриджа

King's College – Королевский колледж

Lady Margaret Hall – Леди-Маргарет-Холл, колледж леди Маргарет Оксфордского университета. Основан как женский колледж в 1878, назван в честь леди Маргарет Бофорт, матери короля Генриха VII.

Peterhouse [`pitə,haus] – коллежд Питерхаус

Robinson College – коллежд Робинзона

Vocabulary :

chapel – часовня, молельня

choir [kwaiə] – хор, хоровой ансамбль

colleague [`koli:g] – коллега

first-class education – образование высшего качества

friendly atmosphere [,ætməsfiə] – дружелюбная атмосфера

garden – сад

high technology industry – наукоёмкая промышленность

intelligent [in`telid3ənt] – образованный, умный

in response to smth. – в ответ на что-л.

library of four hundred years – четырёхсотлетняя библиотека

magnificent [mæg`nifis(ə)nt] – великолепный, величественный

outside the university – за пределами университета

overseas – за рубежом

secretarial [,sekri`teəriəl] – секретарский

to take course – заниматься, обучаться на курсе

to be famous for smth. – быть знаменитым, известным чем-л.

undergraduate [,Λndə`grædjuit] – студент, новичок

For self-examination

1.When was the Oxford University found?

2.What is it famous for?

3.When did The University of Cambridge start?

4.What are the oldest and the most famous colleges of it?

Language practice

1. Practise the dialogue. Mind the proper intonation:

Jane: Hi, Mark! Haven’t seen you for ages. How are you?

Mark: I’m fine, thanks, what about you?

Jane: I’m fine too. Where do you study?

Mark: I study at a Higher Military School.

Jane: Really? What year?

Mark: I’m the first-year cadet.

Jane: Do you like to study there?

Mark: Yes, I like it very much. We study a lot of interesting subjects, such as tactics, engineering drawing (инженерная графика), radio navigation aids (радионавигационное оборудование) and others.

Jane: Are they all special?

Mark: No, we also have lessons of English, mathematics, ecology and physical training.

Jane: What is your favorite subject?

Mark: I don’t know yet. English probably.

Jane: Oh, I like it too. I don't know what I want to be for sure, but I'd like to be a teacher of English. You won't be here for long, will you?

Mark: I'm here on leave until the end of August and then I'll go back.

Jane: How many times a year are you on leave?

Mark: Twice, after winter and summer examinations.

2. Make up your own dialogues, discussing the read texts in pairs. Use the following notes:

– the similarities and differences of British and American systems of education;

– the difference between civil and military education;

– the pros and cons (за и против) of study at Oxford and Cambridge Universities.

Listening

Listen and answer the questions:


Unit 4. SPORT AND HEALTH

4.1. Sport in Great Britain

Reading and Writing

1. Scan the text "Sport in Great Britain" to get the full idea of it. Find the paragraphs about:

- Britons attitude (отношение) to sport;

- British national kind of sport;

- the other popular kinds of sport in the UK.

2. Find in the text the English equivalents to:

- известно, что британцы – большие любители спорта;

- одна из наиболее популярных спортивных игр;

- являться как игрой, так и стандартом поведения;

- профессиональные и любительские футбольные клубы;

- самый зрелищный вид спорта;

- привлекать большие массы зрителей.

3. Read and translate the text for getting the detailed content.

Before reading study some kinds of sport and sports games :

athletics [əθ`letiks] – атлетика, лёгкая атлетика

artistic gymnastics [a:`tistic gim`næstiks] – спортивная гимнастика

baseball [`beisbəl] – бейсбол

badminton [`bædmintən] – бадминтон

boxing [`boksiŋ] – бокс

broad jumping [`bro:d `jΛmpiŋ] – прыжки в длину

cricket rugby [`krikit `rΛgbi] – регби (разновидность футбола)

discus throwing [`diskəs ,θrəuiŋ] – метание диска

golf – гольф

high jumping [`hai `d3Λmpiŋ] – прыжки в высоту

hockey, grass-hockey [`gra:s `hoki] – хоккей, хоккей на траве

horse-racing [`ho:s `reisiŋ] (motor-car [`motəu ,ka:] racing, dog-racing, boat-racing [`bəut ,reisiŋ]) – лошадиные скачки (гонки на спортивных машинах, собачьи бега, соревнования по спортивной гребле)

pole vault [`pəul ,vo:lt] – прыжок с шестом

running, jumping, swimming and boxing – виды лёгкой атлетики: бег, конкур (преодоление препятствий на лошади), плавание, бокс

skating (figure [`figə] skating, speed skating) – катание на коньках (фигурное катание, конькобежный спорт)

skiing (ski jumping, snowboard [`snəubo:d], cross-country skiing, biathlon) – катание на лыжах (прыжки с трамплина, сноуборд, лыжные гонки, биатлон)

soccer ['sokə] – футбол (по правилам Национальной ассоциации футболистов Великобритании)

tennis (table tennis) – теннис (настольный теннис)

tobogganing [tə`bo:gəniŋ] – санный спорт

weightlifting [`weitliftiŋ] – тяжёлая атлетика

wrestling [`restliŋ] (free-style [`fri:stail] wrestling, Greco-Roman style [`grikəu `rəumən]) – борьба (вольная борьба, греко-римская борьба)

Sport in Great Britain

The British people are known to be great sports-lovers, so when they are neither playing, nor watching games, they like to talk about them. One of the most popular sports games in the UK is cricket. It is often played in schools, colleges, universities and by club teams all over the country.

To many Englishmen cricket is both a game and a standard of behaviour. When they consider something unfair, they say: "that's not cricket", that means "that's not fair"; the idiom "to play the game" has the opposite meaning "to be fair".

But as almost everywhere else in the world, the game which attracts the greatest attention is football, or soccer. It should be noted that the game of football was first played in Britain1. Today there are plenty of professional and amateur soccer clubs all over the country.

International football matches and the Cup Finals take place traditionally at Wembley.

Rugby (rugby football), the other kind of football, is also very popular in the UK. There are two forms of rugby football: the amateur game and the professional game. The two games have different rules.

Next to football, the most spectacular sport in Britain is horse-racing.
A lot of people are interested in races and risk money on the horse which they think will win.

Britain is also famous for motor-car racing, dog-racing, boat-racing, and even races for donkeys.

The famous boat-race between the teams of Oxford and Cambridge attracts large crowds of spectators.

A great number of Britons play and watch tennis. Tennis tournaments at Wimbledon are known all over the world.

Such games as golf, baseball, hockey, and grass-hockey are also popular in the UK, as well as various forms of athletics, such as running, jumping, swimming, and boxing.

As for winter sports, they are not very popular in England because of the weather that is not cold enough.

________________________________

1 football was first played in Britain – в футбол впервые стали играть в Великобритании

Names :

Cup Final [`kΛp `fainl] – финал розыгрыша кубка

Wembley [`wembli] – стадион Уэмбли в Лондоне

Wimbledon ['wimbldən] – Уимблдон (предместье Лондона)

Vocabulary :

a great number [`nΛmbə] of smth. – большое количество чего-л.

amateur [`æmətə] – прил.: любительский

crowd [kraud] – толпа

it should [∫u:d] be noted – следует отметить

neither, nor [`naiðə `no:] – ни … ни

next to football – на следующем месте после футбола

plenty of smth. – множество чего-л.

rule [ru:l] – правило

spectator [spik`teitə] – зритель

standart of behaviour [bi'heivja] – модель поведения

to consider [kən`si:də] – считать, рассматривать

to be fair [feə] / unfair [ən`feə] – быть справедливым, честным / несправедливым, нечестным

to play tennis (football, etc.) – играть в теннис (футбол и т.д.)

to risk money [`mΛni] on a horse – ставить деньги на лошадь

to be interested [`intərəstid] in smth. – интересоваться чем-л.

to attract attention [ə`ten ∫n] – привлекать внимание

to be known [nəun] all over the world – быть известным по всему миру

to take place – случаться, происходить, иметь место

tournament [`tuənəmənt] – турнир, соревнование

For self-examination

Answer the questions:

1. What kinds оf sport are popular in the UK?

2. What kind of sport is especially associated with Britain?

3. What is cricket for an Englishman?

4. Where do the Cup Finals take place?

5. What kinds of racing are popular in Britain?

6. What other sports games do the British play?

Fill in the blanks:

1.The British people are known to be great sports-______.

2.One of the most popular sports games in the UK is______.

3.To many Englishmen cricket is both a game and a ______of ______.

4.The game of ______ was first played in Britain.

5.International football matches and the Cup Finals take place traditionally at ______.

6.Next to football, the most spectacular sport in Britain is ______.

7.______ tournaments at Wimbledon are known all over the world.

Put the words in the correct order to make a sentence:

1) the, game, attracts, the, football, greatest, which, attention, is;

2) there are, professional, amateur, and, plenty of, the country, soccer clubs, all over;

3) there are, of, rugby football, the, amateur game, two forms, the professional game, and;

4) are interested, a lot of, people, in races, risk money, and, on the horse;

5) Britons, a great number of, and, play, watch, tennis.

4. Make up a plan (logical scheme) and then summarize the content of the text "Sports in Great Britain" in writing.

Listening

Listen and answer the questions:

  • David Beckham

True or Faulse:

1)David Beckham plays for Manchester United.

2)Football fans do not like him.

3)There are often stories about the Beckhams in the newspapers.

4) Beckhams live a long way from Manchester.


4.2. Sport in the USA

Reading and Writing

1. Scan the text "Sport in the USA" to get the full idea of it. Find the paragraphs about:

- the object of the American football;

- the invention of basketball;

- the role of sport in life of most Americans.

2. Find in the text the English equivalents to:

- цель игры состоит в;

- командная игра, происходящая от английской игры "крикет";

- профессиональная лига, которая всё ещё играет;

- среди других видов физической активности;

- являться невероятно популярной игрой;

- играть важную роль в жизни большинства американцев;

- для того, чтобы поддерживать хорошую физическую форму.

3. Read and translate the text for getting the detailed content.

Sport in the USA

Americans are mostly fond of sport. The most popular kinds of sport in the USA are football, baseball, basketball, and ice hockey, which are played in northern cities from October to March.

American football derives from the English game of rugby. It started at Harvard University in the 1870's1. It is a game for two teams of eleven men in each. The object of the game is to seize the control of the ball and to score points by carrying it across the goal line of the field.

Baseball is a team game derived from the English game of cricket. It is played with a bat and ball2 by two teams of nine players in each on a field with four bases. Baseball is the national game in the USA and it is very popular in Canada too.

Basketball is a game which nowadays is popular all over the world. It was invented in 1891. In the 1970's the American Championship was divided into two leagues: the ABA (American Basketball Association), which does not exist any longer, and the NBA (National Basketball Association).

The NBA is a professional league which still plays.

Among the other activities which Americans take part in are golf, swimming, tennis, aerobics, wrestling, etc.

Americans like winter sports, such as skating, skiing, and tobogganing. Ice hockey is the extremely popular game in the USA.

Sports play an important role in life of most Americans, and the sports medicines as well as sports psychology have become respectable specializations nowadays. Many Americans jog every day or play tennis two or three times a week in order to keep good shape.

________________________________

1 It started at Harvard University in the 1870's – в него начали играть в 70-х.

2 It is played with a bat and ball – в него играют с битой и мячом

Vocabulary :

activity [ək`tiviti] – деятельность, зд.: физическая активность

as well as [əz `wel əs] – так же как и

base – зд.: база (в бейсболе)

field [fi:ld] – поле (для игры)

goal line [`gəul ,lain] – линия ворот

ice hockey [`ais ,hoki] – хоккей на льду

in order [in `o:də] to – для того, чтобы

professional league [prə`fe∫nl ,li:g] – профессиональная спортивная лига

respectable [ris`pektəbl] – зд.: представительный, респектабельный

specialization [,spe∫əlai`zei∫n] – специализация

sports medicine [`spo:t `medisin] (psychology [sai`koləd3i]) – спортивная медицина (психология)

team game [`ti:m ,geim] – командная игра

tobogganing [tə`bogəniŋ] – санный спорт, катание на санях

to be fond of smth. – увлекаться чем-л.

to derive [di`raiv] from smth. – происходить от чего-л.

to seize [si:z] – завладевать, захватить

to score [sko:] points – подсчитывать очки, вести счёт

to invent – изобретать, to be invented – быть изобретённым

to divide [di`vaid] – делить(ся), разделять, to be divided – подразделяться

to be extremely popular [ik`stri:məli `popjulə] – быть чрезвычайно популярным

to play an important role [im`po:tənt `rəul] – играть важную роль

to jog – бегать, совершать пробежку

to keep shape [∫eip] – поддерживать форму

For self-examination

Answer the questions:

1. What are the most popular kinds of sports in the USA?

2. What is the object of the American football?

3. How is the baseball played?

4. What is NBA?

5. What is the most popular winter sport in the USA?

6. What specializations have become respectable thanks to sport?

Fill in the blanks:

1. The most popular kinds of sport in the USA are football, _____, basketball, and ______.

2. American football derives from the English game of _____.

3. ______ is the national game in the USA and it is very popular in Cana-
da too.

4. Among the other activities which Americans take part in are golf, swimming, _____, ______, ______.

5. Many Americans ______every day or play tennis two or three times a week in order to keep ______.

Put the words in the correct order to make a sentence:

1) American, rugby, football, derives, from, English, game, of, the;

2) it is played, a bat, with, ball, and, by, two teams, nine players, of;

3) popular, is, basketball, the world, all over;

4) Americans, winter sports, like, skating, skiing, and, such as;

5) the, has become, sports medicine, nowаdays, respectable, specializations.

4. Make up a plan (logical scheme) and then summarize the content of the text "Sport in the USA" in writing.

It is interesting to know

The Olympic Games

The Olympic Games have a very long history. They began in 777 BC in Greece and took place every four years for nearly twelve centuries at Olympia. They included many different kinds of sports: running, boxing, wrestling, etc. All the cities in Greece sent their best athletes to Olympia to compete in the Games. For the period of the Games all the wars stopped. So the Olympic Games became the symbol of peace and friendship.

In 394 AD the Games were abolished and were not renewed until many centuries later.

In 1896 the first modern Olympic Games took place. The competitions were held in Greece to symbolize the continuation of the centuries-old tradition. In the same year the International Olympic Committee was set up. It is the central policy-making body of the Olympic movement. It is formed by the representatives of all countries which take part in the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee decides upon the programme of the games, the number of the participants and the city-host for the Games. Over one hundred and fifty countries are represented in the International Olympic Committee now. Besides, each country has its National Olympic Committee.

Summer and Winter Games are held separately. There are always several cities wishing to host the Games. The most suitable is selected by the International Committee. After that the city of the Games starts preparations for the competitions, constructs new sports facilities, stadiums, hotels, press centres. Thousands of athletes, journalists and guests come to the Games, and it takes great efforts to arrange everything.

Russia joined the Olympic movement in 1952. Since then it has won a lot of gold, silver, and bronze medals. In 1980 Moscow hosted the Twenty-Second Olympic Games. In 2008 Russian city Sochy has been chosen to host the winter Olympic Games of 2014.

Names :

Olympia [əu`limpiə] – Олимпия

the International Olympic Committee [kə'miti] – Международный олимпийский комитет

Vocabulary :

athlete [`æθlit] – атлет

AD – нашей эры (сокр. от лат. Anno Domini)

ВС – до нашей эры (сокр. от лат. Before Christ [kraist])

city-host [,siti'həust] – город-хозяин (Олимпийских игр)

continuation [kən,tinju`ei∫n] – продолжение, возобновление

competition [,kəmpi`ti∫n] – соревнование

guest [gest] – гость

journalist [`d3ə:nəlist] – журналист

to take place – случаться, зд.: проходить, проводиться

to compete [kəm`pi:t] – соревноваться

to abolish [a'boli∫] – отменять, упразднять

to be abolished – быть отменённым

to renew [ri'nju:] – возобновлять, to be renewed – быть возобновлённым

governing [`gΛvəniŋ] – административный, руководящий

Olympic movement [`mu:vmənt] – олимпийское движение

participant [pa:`tisipənt] – участник

policy-making body – орган, определяющий политику, цели

preparation – приготовление

representative [,repri'zentativ] – представитель

record ['reko:d] – зд.: рекорд

separately ['sep(ə)rətli] – отдельно

significance [sig'nifikəns] – значимость, важность

sports facilities – спортивные сооружения

suitable ['sju:təbl] – подходящий, соответствующий

to arrange [ə'reinds] – устраивать, организовывать

to address [ə`dres] – обращаться

to be held – проводиться

to host [həust] – принимать гостей, быть хозяином

to point out – указывать (на), выделять

to symbolyze ['simbəlaiz] – символизировать

to set up – организовать, создать

to select – отбирать, выбирать

value ['vælju:] – зд.: ценность, важность, значение

Language practice

Practise the dialogue and then make up your own dialogues, discussing your favourite sports activities.

John: Hi, Mike! Where are you going?

Mike: Hello, John! I’m going to a football match. I’ve hardly got the tickets for me and my brother.

John: Was it so hard to get the tickets?

Mike: Of course! I’m lucky that I’ve got two. "Spartak" and "Dinamo" are playing. And what about you? Are you going?

John: No, actually I’m not fond of football. I like tennis more.

Mike: Do you go in for tennis?

John: I’ve been playing tennis since I was 6 years old. But now I’m a first-year cadet and have less time for it, because we have a strict daily routine.

Mike: Do the cadets have any Physical Training (PT) activities?

John: Of course, PT activities are organized every day. Sport helps the cadets to become skilled and well-trained officers of the Russian Armed Forces.

Mike: I see. But still (и всё-таки), why do you like tennis?

John: I think it is a very interesting sports game which improves your shape and trains your mind. Besides it is a good and pleasant way to get rid of stress or bad mood.

Mike: Ok, but as for me, there is nothing better than football. And now I have to go, the match is starting in half an hour! See you later!

John: See you! Bye!

Listening

Listen and answer the questions:

  • Michael Jordan

1) What is Michael Jordan?

2) When was he born?

3) When did he start his career?


Unit 5. MASS MEDIA

5.1. British Press

Reading and Writing

1. Scan the text "The British Press" to get the full idea of it. Find the paragraphs about:

the characteristic features of quality press;

the purpose of the tabloid press;

the newspapers, reflecting different political opinions.

2. Find in the text the English equivalents to:

- с одной / другой стороны;

- сообщения об основных национальных и интернациональных событиях;

- больше развлекать читателя, чем информировать;

- являться собственностью правительства или политических партий;

- содержать больше материала для чтения, чем ежедневные газеты.

3. Read and translate the text for getting the detailed content.

British Press

The British is one of the biggest newspaper-reading nation in the world. Probably in no other country are there such great differences between the various national daily newspapers1 – in the type of news they report and the way they report it.

On the one hand, there are the "quality" newspapers: "The Times", "The Independent", "The Guardian", "The Financial Times", and "The Daily Telegraph". These concern themselves with factual reports of major national and international events, with the world of politics and business and with the arts and sport.

On the other hand, there are "tabloids", so-called because of their smaller size. The tabloids – the most widely read of which are "The Daily Mail", "The Daily Express", "The Daily Mirror", "The Sun", and "The Daily Star" – concentrate on more emotive reporting of stories often featuring violence, the Royal family, film and pop stars, sport. It's often said that the popular press aims to entertain its readers rather than inform them. The tabloid press is much more popular than the quality press.

In some countries, newspapers are owned by government or by political parties. This is not the case in Britain2. Newspapers here are mostly owned by individuals or by publishing companies and the editors of the papers are usually allowed considerate freedom of expression. This is not to say that newspapers are without political bias. Papers like "The Daily Telegraph", "The Daily Express", for example, usually reflect conservative opinions in their comment and reporting, while "The Daily Mirror" and "The Guardian" have a more left-wing bias.

In addition to the twelve national daily newspapers there are nine national papers which are published on Sundays. Most of the "Sundays" contain more reading matter than daily papers, and several of them also include "colour supplements" – separate colour magazines which contain photographically illustrated feature articles. Reading a Sunday paper, like having a big Sunday lunch, is an important tradition in many British households.

Besides, nearly every area in Britain has one or more local newspapers.

_____________________________

1 Probably in no other country are there such great differences… – Вероятно, ни в одной другой стране нет таких больших различий… – случай стилистической инверсии, когда в повествовательном предложении нарушается установленный порядок слов (подлежащее, сказуемое, второстепенные члены) с целью эмфазы, т.е. логического выделения слова (сказуемого), усиления его значения.

2 This is not the case in Britain. В Британии дело обстоит не так.

Names :

"The Daily Mail" ['deili 'meil] – "Дейли мэйл" – ежедневная газета консервативного направления, основана в 1896; с 1917 является малоформатной газетой.

"The Daily Express" [,deili iks'pres] – "Дейли экспресс" – ежедневная газета правоконсервативного направления, основана в 1900 г.

"The Daily Mirror" [,deili 'mirə] – "Дейли мирро" – ежедневная малоформатная газета, рассчитанная на массового читателя; по некоторым вопросам поддерживает Лейбористскую партию.

"The Daily Star" [,deili 'sta:] – "Дейли стар" – ежедневная малоформатная газета, рассчитанная на массового читателя; печатает сенсационно-развлекательные материалы. Основана в 1978 г.

"The Daily Telegraph" [,deili 'teligra:f] – "Дейли телеграф" – ежедневная газета правоконсервативного направления.

"The Financial Times" [fai,nænfl 'taimz] – "Файнэншл таймс" – ежедневная финансово-экономическая газета консервативного направления, публикует материалы по внутриполитическим и международным вопросам; печатается на розовой бумаге.

"The Guardian" ['ga:djən] – "Гардиан" – ежедневная газета либерального направления, основана в 1821.

"The Independent" [,indi'pendənt] – "Индепендент" – независимая политическая газета.

"The Sun" [sΛn] – "Сан" – ежедневная газета бульварного толка. Издаётся в Лондоне, выходит с 1964 г.

"The Times" [taimz] – "Таймс" – ежедневная газета консервативного направления.

Vocabulary :

comment ['komənt] – комментарий

conservative [kən'sə:vətiv] – консервативный

considerate freedom [kən`si:d(ə)rət `fri:dəm] – значительная свобода

daily ['deili] – ежедневный

editor [`editə] – редактор

emotive [i'məutiv] reporting – эмоциональная подача материала

factual ['f æktjuəl] – фактический, основанный на фактах

feature article ['fi:t∫ə 'a:tikl] – большая статья в газете (посвящённая какой-л. одной теме), очерк

household ['haushəuld] – семья; люди, живущие в одном доме

in addition [ə`di∫n] to – кроме, помимо

individual [,indi'vidjuəl] – личность, частное лицо

it's often [ofn] said – часто говорят

left-wing bias [`left,wiŋ `baiəs] – "левые" пристрастия (полит.)

local [`ləuk(ə)l] – местный

on the one / other hand – с одной / другой стороны

"popular" [`popjulə] – газета для широкой публики

publishing company [`pΛbli∫iŋ `kΛmpəni] – издательство

"quality" newspapers [`kwoliti `njus,peipəz] – пресса "высокого качества" (для бизнесменов, политиков и т.д), газеты полного формата

reading matter – материал для чтения

"Sundays" – газеты, публикуемые по выходным

supplement ['sΛplimənt] – приложение

"tabloid" ['tæbloid] – малоформатная газета со сжатым текстом и большим количеством иллюстраций; бульварная пресса

to aim [eim] – стремиться

to allow [ə`lau] – позволять, разрешать, делать возможным, to be allowed – быть разрешённым

to concern [kən`sə:n] oneself with smth. – заниматься, интересоваться чем-л.

to concentrate ['konsəntreit] on smth. – сосредоточиваться на чём-л.

to entertain [`entətein] rather than inform – скорее развлекать, чем информировать

to feature ['fi:t∫ə] – помещать в газете

to own [əun] – владеть, to be owned by smb. – быть под управлением кого-л., во владении у кого-л.

to reflect [ri'flekt] – отражать

violence [`vaiələns] – насилие, жестокость

For self-examination

Answer the questions:

1. What UK "quality" newspapers do you know?

2. What does a term "tabloid" mean?

3. What UK "popular" newspapers do you know?

4. It's often said that the aim of the popular press is to entertain its readers rather than inform them. What kind of material do these newspapers concentrate on?

5. Are "quality" papers more popular than "tabloids"? Why?

6. In some countries newspapers are owned by government or by political parties. What about Britain?

7. What's the difference between daily newspapers and "Sundays"?

Fill in the blanks:

1. The _______ newspapers are "The Times", "The Independent", "The Guardian", "The Financial Times" and "The Daily Telegraph".

2. The most widely _______ are "The Daily Mail", "The Daily Express", "The Daily Mirror", "The Sun" and "The Daily Star".

3. The tabloid press is much more popular than the _______.

4. Newspapers here are mostly owned by _______ or by _______ companies.

5. Most of the _______ contain more reading matter than daily papers, and several of them also include "colour supplements".

6. Nearly every area in Britain has one or more _______.

Put the words in the correct order to make a sentence:

1) the, one of, British, are, the biggest, in, newspaper-reading, the, world, nations;

2) the, press, tabloid, is, popular, than, much more, the, press, quality;

3) mostly, owned, newspapers, are, by, individuals, by, companies, or, publishing;

4) every, nearly, area, has, local, newspapers, one or more, in, Britain.

4. Make up a plan (logical scheme) and then summarize the content of the text "British Press" in writing.

Listening

Listen and answer the questions:


5.2. American Press

Reading and Writing

1. Scan the text "American Press" to get the full idea of it. Find the paragraphs about:

- the most influential US newspapers;

- the peculiarities of US daily papers;

- the contents of the most US newspapers.

2. Find in the text the English equivalents to:

- в связи с обширной территорией США;

- хотя в США нет отдельных воскресных выпусков газет;

- помимо некоторых значимых исключений;

- в отличие от ежедневных газет.

3. Read and translate the text for getting the detailed content.

American Press

Because of the great territory of the USA, local newspapers are more important than national ones. Only "The New York Times", "The Chicago Tribune", and "The Wall Street Journal" are read over a large part of the country. Among the other newspapers that have a wide influence are "The Washington Post", "The Daily News", "The Baltimore Sun", "The Philadelphia Inquirer", etc. Most US newspapers are controlled by large monopolists.

In the 20th century newspapers have ranged from tabloids to "responsible journals". Their pages are varied and include columns devoted to news, editorials, letters to the editor, business and finance, sports, entertainment, art, music, books, fashions, food, society, television, and radio.

Although there are no separate Sunday papers in the USA as there are in Great Britain, US daily papers do have special Sunday editions. Many of these are remarkable in size: "The New York Times" Sunday edition regularly has over 200 pages.

"The New York Times" has the largest circulation of any newspaper in the US.

Aside from a few notable exceptions like "The New York Times", the press is daily filled with murders and violence. It's a mélange of gossip
columns, horoscopes, comics, crossword puzzles and insane features like: "Are you happily married? Take the following test..."

Almost every American newspaper carries comic strips, usually at least a page of them.

In contrast to daily newspapers, many magazines in the USA are national and even international. Those with the widest circulation are "The Reader's Digest", "The National Geographic Magazine", "The Ladies' Home Journal", etc.

Names :

"The Baltimore [`bo:ltimo:] Sun" – "Балтимор сан" – eжедневная утренняя газета, основана в 1837. Издаётся в г. Балтиморе, шт. Мэриленд.

"The Chicago Tribune" [∫i`ka:gəu `tribjun] – "Чикаго трибюн" – ежедневная утренняя газета, издающаяся в г. Чикаго с 1847. В настоящее время является одной из наиболее информированных газет страны.

"New York Times" – "Нью-Йорк таймс" – ежедневная газета. Считается наиболее влиятельной и информированной в стране. Придерживается прогрессивных взглядов и славится достаточно беспристрастной оценкой событий.

"The Daily News" – "Дейли ньюс" – ежедневная лондонская газета; отражает взгляды либеральной интеллигенции.

"The Ladies' Home Journal" [`d3ə:n(ə)l] – "Лэдиз хоум джорнал" – популярный ежемесячный журнал для женщин. Основан в 1883, с 1986 издаётся корпорацией "Мередит".

"The National Geographic Magazine" [ðə `næ∫n(ə)l d3i:əu`græfik ,mægə`zi:n] – "Нэшнл джиографик" – ежемесячный иллюстрированный научно-популярный журнал, посвящённый географии, путешествиям, достижениям науки и открытиям, социальным проблемам.

"The Philadelphia Inquirer" [,filə`delfiə in`kwaiərə] – "Филадельфия инквайрер" – ежедневная утренняя газета, основана в 1829. Издаётся
в г. Филадельфии, является одной из наиболее влиятельных и распространённых на северо-востоке страны.

"The Reader's Digest" [`daid3əst] – "Ридерс дайджест" – популярный ежемесячный литературно-политический журнал, сборник лучших публикаций из других изданий, а также статей собственных авторов.

"The Wall Street Journal" – "Уолл-стрит джорнал" – влиятельная ежедневная политико-экономическая газета деловых кругов, крупнейшая по тиражу газета страны.

"The Washington [`wo∫iŋtən] Post" – "Вашингтон пост" – eжедневная утренняя газета. Издаётся в г. Вашингтоне одноимённой компанией. Основана в 1877 и является одним из наиболее влиятельных либеральных изданий в стране.

Vocabulary :

among [ə`mΛŋ] – среди

art [a:t] – искусство

aside [ə`said] from – помимо, за исключением

at least [ət `li:st] – по крайней мере, по меньшей мере

circulation [,sə:kju`lei∫n] – зд.: тираж газет, журналов

column [`koləm] – зд.: колонка (в газете, журнале)

gossip columns – колонки сплетен и слухов

comics, comic strips – комиксы

crossword puzzle [`kroswə:d `pΛzl] – кроссворд, головоломка

editorial [edi`to:riəl] – редакторский, редакционный

edition [ə`di∫n] – издание, выпуск

entertainment [,entə`teinmənt] – развлечение

exception [ik`sep∫(ə)n] – исключение

fashion [`fæ∫(ə)n] – мода

horoscope [`horəskəup] – гороскоп

influence [`influəns] – влияние

insane features [in`sein `fi:t∫əz] – зд.: абсурдный материал, рубрики

in contrast to – в отличие от

mélange [`meila:n3] – смешение, смесь

monopolist [mə`nopəlist] – монополист, сторонник системы монополий

murder [`mə:də] – убийство

notable [`nəutəbl] – известный, выдающийся

remarkable [ri`ma:kəbl] – выдающийся, поразительный

responsible [ris`ponsəbl] – ответственный

society [sə`saiəti] – общество, общественность

separate [`seprit] – отдельный, особый, независимый

size [saiz] – размер

to be happily married [`mærid] – состоять в счастливом браке

to range [`reind3] from … to – различаться, варьироваться от … до

to take a test – пройти тест

varied [`veərid] – различный, многообразный

For self-examination

Answer the questions:

1.Why are local newspapers more important than national in the USA?

2.What are the most important US papers?

3.What kind of information do the pages of "responsible journals" contain?

4.What is an ordinary US press full of?

5.What newspaper has the largest circulation?

Fill in the blanks:

1.Local US newspapers are more important than _______ones.

2.Most US newspapers are controlled by large_______.

3. Although there are no separate _______ in the USA as there are in Great Britain, US daily papers do have special _______.

4.The ________ has the largest circulation of any newspaper in the US.

5. Almost every American newspaper carries_______, usually at least a page of them.

Put the words in the correct order to make a sentence:

1) US newspapers, most, are controlled, by, monopolists, large;

2) in, the 20s century, have ranged, from, newspapers, to, "responsible journals", tabloids;

3) US, do have, daily papers, Sunday editions, special;

4) many, in, magazines, the, USA, national, are, and, even, international.

4. Make up a plan (logical scheme) and then summarize the content of the text "American Press".

Language practice

Discuss the read texts in pairs. Make up dialogues, using the following notes:

the similarities and differences of the British and American press;

the role of the mass media in our modern life;

the best ways of getting any information.

It’s interesting to know

Mass Media

Mass media play an important part in our lives. Newspapers, radio and especially TV inform us of what is going on in this world and give us wonderful possibilities for education and entertainment. They also influence the way we see the world and shape our views.

Of course, not all newspapers and TV programmes report the events objectively, but serious journalists and TV reporters try to be fair and provide us with reliable information.

It is true that the world today is full of dramatic events and most news seems to be bad news. People aren't interested in ordinary events. That’s why there are so many programmes and articles about natural disasters, plane crashes, wars, murders, and robberies. Good news doesn't usually make headlines. Bad news does.

The main source of news for millions of people is television. People like TV news because they can see everything with their own eyes. And that's an important advantage. Seeing, as we know, is believing. Besides, it's much more difficult for politicians to lie in front of the cameras than on the pages of newspapers.

Still, many people prefer the radio. It's good to listen to in the car, or in the open air, or when you do something about the house.

Newspapers don't react to events as quickly as TV, but they usually provide us with extra detail, comment and background information.

The Internet has recently become another important source of information. Its main advantage is that news appears on the screen as soon as the things happen in real life, and you don't have to wait for news time on TV.

Vocabulary :

advantage [əd'va:ntid3] – преимущество

background information ['bækgraund infə`mei∫n] – "закулисная" информация

crash [kræ∫] – авария

comment [`komənt] – комментарий

disaster [di'za:stə] – бедствие

event [i'vent] – событие, происшествие

extra detail [,ekstra 'di:teil] – дополнительные сведения, подробная информация

fair [feə] – честный, справедливый

mass media [,mæs 'mi:diə] – средства массовой информации

murder ['mə:də] – убийство

possibility [,posə'biliti] – возможность

to inform [in`fo:m] – сообщать, информировать

to report [ri'po:t] – сообщать, писать (о)

objectively [əb'd3ektivli] – объективно

ordinary ['o:dnəri] – обычный, заурядный

politician [,poli'ti ∫(ə)n] – политик

private ['praivit] – частный, личный

reliable [ri`laiəbl] – надёжный

recently [`ri:səntli] – недавно

robbery ['robəri] – грабёж, ограбление

seeing is believing [`si:iŋ iz bə`li:viŋ] – Лучше раз увидеть, чем сто раз услышать.

sensational [,sen'sei∫(ə)nl] – сенсационный

source [so:s] – источник

to do the work about the house – делать что-то по дому, заниматься хозяйством

to go on – зд.: происходить, случаться

to lie [lai] – зд.: лгать

to make headlines – попасть в заголовки газет, вызвать сенсацию

to prefer [pri'fə:] – предпочитать

to print – печатать

to react [ri'ækt] – реагировать

to see with smb’s own eye’s – увидеть (чьими-л.) собственными глазами

From the history of printed books

Many years ago a town crier ran through the streets and shouted out all the news. Now we live in the Atomic Age, where too many things happen too quickly, and have some more convenient possibilities to find out what is happening in the world. Reading books and newspapers is one of them.

The first books printed on the paper appeared 500 years ago. Before that time the only way of making books was to write them out by hand. No one knows when writing first began, but scientists have found drawings on the walls of caves and scratchings on bones which are at least 25,000 years old.

The invention of paper played an important part in the development of books. In the 11th century the art of papermaking reached Europe but no trace of printing was found in Europe until 1423. It is known that Johann Gutenberg secretly tried out ways of printing in Strasbourg, Germany, in 1440. The knowledge of the methods of printing spread so quickly over the Europe that by the year 1487 nearly every country had started printing books.

Later people began to learn how to make paper quickly and cheaply and of better quality. As a result of this, books became much lighter and smaller.

The first person who printed books in English was William Caxton, the first Russian printer is Ivan Fedorov.

The first book printed in the Russian language appeared in Moscow
in 1564. Up to that time there were only handwritten books in Russia. The house built for printing books was not far from the Kremlin. At that time it was one of the best buildings in the Russian capital.

By the 16th century books looked as they do today and since then a very little change has been made in their appearance.

Vocabuliary :

appearance [ə`piər(ə)ns] – внешний вид

Atomic [ə`tomic] Age – атомный век

by hand – oт руки, вручную

capital – столица

cheaply [`t∫i:pli] – дёшево

convenient [kən`vi:niənt] – удобный

drawing [`dro:wiŋ] – рисунок

handwritten book – книга, написанная от руки

Kremlin – Кремль

of better quality – лучшего качества

paper – бумага

possibility – возможность

printed book – печатная книга

printer – зд.: типографщик

quickly [`kwikli] – быстро

scientist [`saintist] – учёный

scratching [`skræt∫iŋ] – рисунок, нацарапанный на камне

town cryer [`kraiə] – городской глашатай

to shout out – выкрикивать

to find out – искать, находить

to print – печатать

For self-examination

1.When were the first books printed?

2.Who was the first persons printed books in English and in Russian?

Listening

Listen and answer the questions:


Unit 6. CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

6.1. Holidays in Great Britain

Reading and Writing

1. Scan the text "Holidays in Great Britain" to get the full idea of it. Find the paragraphs about:

- the public holidays in the UK;

- the way the British celebrate Christmas;

- the traditional celebration of Guy Fawkes Day.

2. Find in the text the English equivalents to:

- быть красиво украшенным;

- собирать благотворительные пожертвования;

- являться семейным и религиозным праздником;

- встречаться для совместного обильного рождественского ужина;

- время для посещения друзей и родственников.

3. Read and translate the text for getting the detailed content.

Holidays in Great Britain

There are fewer public holidays in Great Britain than in other European countries. They are: Christmas Day, Boxing Day, New Year's Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, May Day, Spring Bank Holiday, and Summer Bank Holiday. Public holidays in Britain are called bank holidays, because the banks as well as most of the offices and shops are closed.

The most popular holiday in Great Britain is Christmas. Every year the people of Norway give the city of London a present. It's a big Christmas tree and it stands in Trafalgar Square. Central streets are beautifully decorated.

Before Christmas, groups of singers go from house to house. They collect money for charity and sing carols, traditional Christmas songs. In many churches a carol service is carried out on the Sunday before Christmas.

The fun starts the night before, on the 24th of December. Traditionally this is the day when people decorate their trees. Children hang stockings at the end of their beds, hoping that Father Christmas will come down the chimney during the night and fill them with toys and sweets.

Christmas is a family and religious holiday. After visiting church, relatives usually meet for the big Christmas dinner of turkey and Christmas pudding. And everyone gives and receives presents. The 26th of December, Boxing Day, is the first holiday after Christmas Day. This is the time to visit friends and relatives or perhaps sit at home and watch football.

New Year's Day is less popular in Britain than Christmas. But in Scotland, Hogmanay (New Year's Day) is the biggest festival of the year.

Besides public holidays there are some special festivals in Great Britain. One of them takes place on the 5th of November. On that day, in 1605, Guy Fawkes tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament and to kill King James I. He didn't succeed. The King's men found the bomb, took Guy Fawkes to the Tower and cut off his head. Since that day the British celebrate the 5th of November. They burn a dummy, made of straw and old clothes, on a bonfire and let off fireworks.

This dummy is called a "guy" (like Guy Fawkes) and children go out before the 5th of November and say: "Penny for the guy". If they collect enough money they can buy some fireworks.

Names :

Boxing Day – второй день Рождества, день рождественских подарков (в этот день принято дарить подарки)

Christmas ['kris(t)məs] – Рождество (25 декабря)

Easter [`i:stə] Monday – первый понедельник после Пасхи

Father Christmas – Дед Мороз

Good Friday – Великая пятница (пятница на страстной неделе)

Guy Fawkes [,gai 'fo:ks] – Гай Фокс – глава "Порохового заговора"

Hogmanay [`hogmənei] – Хогманей, канун Нового года

Houses of Parliament ['pa:ləmənt] – здание английского парламента

King James I – Джеймс I (король Англии с 1603 г. пo 1625 г.)

May Day – майский праздник, праздник весны (отмечается в первое воскресенье мая)

New Year's Day – Новый год

Norway [`no:wei] – Норвегия

Spring Bank [bæŋk] Holiday – весенний день отдыха (в мае или начале июня)

Summer Bank Holiday – летний день отдыха (в августе или сентябре)

Trafalgar Square [trə`fælgə ,skweə] – Трафальгарская площадь

Tower ['tauə] – Тауэр

Vocabulary :

bonfire [`bonfaiə] – костёр

Christmas tree – рождественская ёлка

Christmas pudding ['pudiŋ] – рождественский пудинг

carol ['kærəl] – кэрол (рождественская песня религиозного содержания, славящая рождение Христа), carol service – рождественское богослужение

charity [`t∫æriti] – благотворительность

chimney [`t∫imni] – труба

church [t∫ə:t∫] – церковь

dummy [`dΛmi] – кукла, чучело, манекен

festival [`festivəl] – празднество, праздник

local [`ləuk(ə)l] – местный

old clothes [`əuld `klo:ðz] – старая одежда

penny – пенни, пенс

relative ['relətiv] – родственник

to decorate ['dekəreit] – украшать

service ['sə:vis] – служба (церковная)

straw [stro:] – солома

stocking ['stokiŋ] – чулок

sweet [swi:t] – сущ. конфета, любая сладость

toy – игрушка

turkey ['tə:ki] индейка

to be less popular – быть менее популярным

to blow up [bləu`Λp] (blew [blu:], blown [bləun]) – взрывать

to burn [bə:n] (burnt [bə:nt]) – жечь, сжигать

to carry out – проводить, осуществлять, to be carried out – проводиться

to celebrate ['selibreit] – праздновать, торжественно отмечать

to cut off smb's head – отрубить кому-л. голову

to give and receive [ri`si:v] presents – дарить и получать подарки

to hang [hæŋ] (hung [hΛŋ]) – развешивать

to let off fireworks ['faiəwə:ks] – устраивать фейерверки

to succeed [sə`ksi:d] – достигнуть цели, преуспеть в чём-л.

For self-examination

Answer the questions:

1. What public holiday in Great Britain do you know?

2. What is a "bank holiday"?

3. What is the most popular holiday in Britain?

4. When is Christmas celebrated?

5. How are the traditional Christmas songs called in Britain?

6. What do the British do on Boxing Day?

7. What is the name of New Year's Eve in Scotland?

8. When is Guy Fawkes Night celebrated?

9. What do you know about Guy Fawkes?

Fill in the blanks:

1.The most popular holiday in Great Britain is _______.

2.Before _______, groups of singers go from house to house.

3.The 26th of December, _______, is the first holiday after Christmas Day.

4._______ is less popular in Britain than Christmas.

5.In Scotland, _______ (New Year's Day) is the biggest festival of the year.

6.The 5th of November is ________ Day.

Put the words in the correct order to make a sentence:

1) there are, public holidays, fewer, Great Britain, in, than, European countries, in, other;

2) the most, holiday, popular, in, is, Christmas, Great Britain;

3) traditionally, the, day, this is, when, decorate, people, their, trees;

4) public holidays, besides, there are, special, some, in, Great Britain, festivals;

5) Hogmanay, is, festival, the biggest, of, year, the, Scotland, in.

4. Make up a plan (logical scheme) and then summarize the content of the text "Holidays in Great Britain".

Listening

Listen and answer the questions:

  • Notting Hill Carnival

When does the carnival take place?

Who initiated it?

When was the first festival?

What was its basic rule?

What can you buy from the stalls?


6.2. Holidays in the USA

Reading and Writing

1. Scan the text "Holidays in the USA" to get the full idea of it. Find the paragraphs about:

- the way the Americans celebrate the Independence Day;

- the traditional New Year's Day celebration;

- the traditional celebration of Thanksgiving Day.

2. Find in the text the English equivalents to:

- состоять из людей разных национальностей;

- отмечаться на всей территории США;

- обмениваться подарками и добрыми пожеланиями;

- отмечаться со времён первого праздника урожая;

- предлагать бездомным традиционное обильное питание.

3. Read and translate the text for getting the detailed content.

Holidays in the USA

The population of the United States is made up of people of different nationalities. Their predecessors came to America from different countries, and they brought their native celebrations with them. They all became Americans, but kept many traditions of those countries they had come from. That is why the number of holidays in different states of America is different. But the most important holidays are celebrated throughout the United States.

One of the greatest holidays in the USA is Independence Day (July 4). In that day of 1776 the Declaration of Independence was signed, proclaiming independence of thirteen British colonies from Great Britain. July 4 has become the greatest holiday since that time. Cities are decorated with flags on that day, there are parades in some places, but most people just go on picnics to the countryside.

Another great US holiday is New Year's Day. People see the old year off and the New Year in1. Most people stay up all night, even children. At midnight many people go outside and shout "Happy New Year!". Some people blow automobile horns which are heard everywhere. Everybody exchanges presents and good wishes. Offices, factories, banks, and stores do not work on this day.

Christmas is a religious holiday. By this day people set fur trees in their houses and decorate them with toys and candies. Children wait for Santa Claus who comes to every house and brings them presents. Before going to bed, children leave their shoes to find in them what they want most of all the next morning. Most people prefer to stay at home with the whole family on this day. Some people visited churches.

Thanksgiving Day is kind of religious holiday too. It falls on the 4th Thursday in November. Thanksgiving has been celebrated since the first harvest festival in America in the autumn of 1621. On this day family members gather at the house of an older relative, even if they live far away. People thanks God for his goodness and good harvest. It is a long-standing tradition to fry a large turkey for a festive meal on this day. Charitable organizations offer traditional rich meal to the homeless.

______________________

9 People see the old year off and the New Year in. – Люди провожают старый и встречают новый год.

Names :

Independence [,indi`pendəns] Day – День независимости США

Declaration [,deklə`rei∫(ə)n] of Independence – провозглашение (декларация) независимости

Santa Claus [,sæntə`clo:z] – Санта Клаус

Thanksgiving [`θæŋks,giviŋ] Day – День благодарения

Vocabulary :

at midnight [ət `midnait] – в полночь

automobile horn [`o:təməbail `ho:n] – автомобильный сигнал

charitable organization [`t∫æritəbl ,o:gənai`zei∫n] – благотворительная организация

colony [`сoləni] – колония

countryside [`kΛntrisaid] – сельская местность, деревня

different [`dif(ə)r(ə)nt] – другой, отличный

factory [`fæktəri] – завод, фабрика, предприятие

festive meal [`festiv ,mi:l] – праздничная еда

goodness [`gu:dnəs] – доброта, великодушие

harvest festival [`ha:vəst `festivəl] – праздник урожая

homeless [`həumləs] – бездомный

long-standing [,loŋ`stændiŋ] tradition – древняя, давняя традиция

nationality [,næ∫(ə)`næliti] – национальность

number [`nΛmbə] – число, количество

store [sto:] – зд.: большой магазин

throughout [θru:`aut] – предлог: через, по всему

to bring [briŋ] (brought [bro:t]) – приносить, доставлять

to decorate [`dekəreit] – украшать, to be decorated with smth. – быть украшенным чем-л.

to exchange [iks`t∫eind3] presents and good wishes – обмениваться подарками и добрыми пожеланиями

to go outside [`autsaid] – выходить на улицу

to go on picnic – устраивать пикник

to hear [hiə] (heard [hə:d]) – слышать

to keep [ki:p] (kept) tradition – поддерживать традицию

to leave [li:v] (left) shoes – оставлять обувь

to live far away – жить далеко

to prefer [pri`fə:] – предпочитать

to shout [∫aut] – кричать

For self-examination

Answer the questions:

1. Why the number of holidays is different in the USA?

2. When is Independence Day celebrated?

3. How do the Americans celebrate Christmas?

4. How and when is Thanksgiven Day celebrated in the USA?

Fill in the blanks:

1. One of the greatest holidays in the USA is _______(July 4).

2. Another great US holiday is _______.

3. At midnight many people go outside and shout "_______!".

4. Children wait for _______ who comes to every house and brings them _______.

5. _______ is celebrated on the 4th Thursday in November.

Put the words in the correct order to make a sentence:

1) the most, important, are celebrated, holidays, throughout, United States, the;

2) the greatest, one of, USA, holidays, the, is, in, Independence Day;

3) everybody, presents, exchanges, wishes, and, good;

4) it is, tradition, to fry, a long-standing, large, a, turkey, on, Thanks-
giving Day.

4. Make up a plan (logical scheme) and then summarize the content of the text "Holidays in the USA".

Language practice

Practise the dialogue and then make up your own dialogues, discussing the British and American national holidays and traditions. Compare them with the Russian ones.

Mike: Hi, John! Are you going somewhere on these winter holidays?

Gohn: Hi, Mike! Yes, I’m going to visit my aunt. She lives in Chicago.

Mike: Really? You are lucky. You’ll surely have a lot of fun there.

Gohn: Yeah, we’ll have a good time with my cousins on Christmas Day and New Year’s Day.

Mike: I wonder (интересно), do Americans celebrate these holidays the same way as we do?

Gohn: Not exactly. For example, New Year’s Day is not widely celebrated in the USA. Some people ignore it and may go to bed as usual.

Mike: Don’t they give any presents to each other?

Gohn: They do it on Christmas. This holiday is more popular in the USA than New Year’s Day.

Mike: Is it celebrated on January 7?

Gohn: No, it is celebrated on the 25th of December. In most families they put up a Christmas tree the day before and decorate it. Then the whole family makes the Christmas pudding.

Mike: How interesting! Do Americans visit churches on Christmas?

John: Some people do, as it is a religious holiday.

It is interesting to know

British Traditions

Every nation and every country has its own customs and traditions. In Britain traditions play probably a more important part in people's life than in other countries.

The British are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. Some ceremonies are rather formal, such as the changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace, trooping the colour, the State Opening of Parliament. Sometimes you will see a group of cavalrymen riding on black horses through the streets of London. They wear red uniforms, shining helmets, long black boots, and long white gloves. These men are Life Guards. Their special duty is to guard the king or the queen of Great Britain and very important guests of the country.

To this day a British family prefers a house with a fireplace and a garden to a flat in a modern house with central heating. Most British love gardens. Sometimes the garden in front of the house is a little square covered with cement painted green in imitation of grass and a flower-bed. They love flowers very much.

The British like animals very much too. In Britain they have special dog shops selling food, clothes, and other things for dogs and cats.

Holidays are especially rich in old traditions and are different in Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and England. For instance, Christmas is a great English national holiday and in Scotland it is not observed at all.

Time for tea

The British and tea are inseparable. Tea makes up about half of all that a Briton drinks.

It didn't come to Europe until 1610 and was introduced to Britain in 1657 by Catherine of Braganza, King Charles II's wife. But by the 1800s the exotic drink became so popular that special ships were designed to bring it quickly from China.

Most people in Britain drink black tea, although now herbal tea which does not contain caffeine is becoming more popular.

The British are very fussy about how their tea is made. The teapot must be warmed before the tea is put in, the water must be boiled properly, the right quantity of tea – "one spoon for each person and one for the pot" – must be used, and the tea must be brewed for three minutes. They see the drinking of tea as the opportunity to relax for a few minutes. It's also regarded as a great comforter. If you've just suffered a misfortune in Britain and you call on a friend, you're likely to be told, "Oh well, just sit down and I'll make you a nice cup of tea"!

Some British traditions are strange, some are funny, but they are all
interesting.

Vocabulary :

caffeine [`kæfi:n] – кофеин

carefully [`keəfuli] – тщательно

cavalrymаn [`kævəlrimən] – кавалерист

cement [si`ment] – цемент

central heating [`sentrəl `hi:tiŋ] – центральное отопление

ceremony [`seriməni] – обряд, ритуал, церемония

Сhanging of the Guard [ga:d] at Buckingham Palace [`bΛkiŋəm `pælis] – смена караула королевских гвардейцев у Букенгемского Дворца

comforter [kəm`fo:tə] – утешитель

custom [`kΛstəm] – обычай, традиция (в масштабах одной культуры)

fireplace [`faiə,pleis] – камин

flower-bed [`flauə,bed] – клумба с цветами

Life Guards [ga:dz] – лейб-гвардия

national holiday – национальный праздник

opportunity [,opə`tju:niti] – возможность

properly [`propəli] – правильно, нужным образом

right quantity [`kwontiti] of tea – нужное количество чая

spoon [spu:n] – ложка

State Opening of Parliament [`pa:ləment] – официальное открытие сессии парламента

teapot, pot – заварочный чайник

tradition – традиция, предание

to be funny – быть забавным, смешным

to be fussy [`fΛsi] about smth. – суетиться, нервничать из-за чего-л.

to be inseparable [in`sep(ə)rəbl] – быть неразделимым

to be interesting – быть интересным

to be proud [praud] of smth. – гордиться чем-л.

to be regarded [ri`ga:did] as – рассматриваться как

to be rich in smth. – изобиловать чем-л.

to be strange – быть странным

to boil – кипятить(ся), варить(ся), to be boiled – (о воде) быть вскипячённой

to brew [bru:] – заваривать, be brewed – быть заваренным

to call on smb. – зайти к кому-л.

to contain – зд.: содержать, включать в себя

to keep up – поддерживать, соблюдать, придерживаться

to introduce – знакомить с кем / чем-л, вводить в курс чего-л., be introduced to smb. – быть представленным кому-л.

to observe [əb`ze:v] – зд.: соблюдать, придерживаться, to be observed – быть соблюдаемым

to suffer a misfortune [mis`fo:t∫u:n] – потерпеть неудачу

to warm [wo:m] – греть(ся), нагревать(ся), to be warmed – быть нагретым

Trooping the Colour [`kΛlə] – торжественный вынос знамени

Listening

Listen and answer the questions:

  • Strange Holidays

1) A thing that you make of paper, rags etc. and which resembles a real person is called…

2) It is said that every old castle has its …, which scares people.

3) A female god is called … .

4) A person who does something against his/her country is called a … .